UAMS,./Microbiology,./Exam,./#1
Gram,./stain,,./culture,,./organism,./identification,,./and,./antimicrobial,./suscepti
bility.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
In,./the,./health,./care,./system,,./the,./physician,./consults,./with,./the,./patient,./and
,./retrieves,./a,./specimen.,./The,./specimen,./is,./then,./sent,./to,./the,./lab,,./a,./report,./is,.
/generated,,./and,./the,./report,./is,./sent,./to,./the,./physician.,./What,./are,./the,./4,./thin
gs,./included,./in,./the,./report,./from,./the,./micro,./lab?
Specimen,./collection.,./It,./is,./a,./tube,./closed,./on,./the,./bottom,./and,./open,./at,./the,.
/top,./with,./swabs,./inserted,./into,./the,./culturette,./container.,./-,./correct,./answer,./
✔ ✔ What,./is,./a,./culturette,./used,./for?
Collect,./the,./specimen,./with,./a,./culturette,./tube,,./plate,./it,./using,./either,./an,./aga
r,./or,./broth,./medium,,./incubate,./the,./culture,,./and,./then,./ID.,./Determine,./antim
icrobial,./susceptibility,./and,./report,./results.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./is,./the,./complete,./procedure,./done,./by,./the,./lab,./for,./collecting,./and,./t
hen,./identifying,./an,./organism?
Coccus,,./coccobacillus,,./vibrio,,./bacillus,,./spirillum,,./and,./spirochete.,./-
,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./the,./different,./morphologies,./of,./bacteria?
Coccus,./(one,./single,./colony),,./diplococci,./(two,./colonies),,./staphylococci,./(
multiple,./colonies,./in,./a,./triangle,./shape),,./streptococci,./(multiple,./colonies,./i
,n,./a,./linear,./row),,./sarcina,./(multiple,./colonies,./that,./can,./be,./on,./top,./of,./one,./a
nother,./in,./a,./square,./shape),,./and,./tetrad,./(four,./colonies,./in,./a,./square).,./-
,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./the,./different,./bacterial,./arrangements,./for,./cocci?
Rod,./shaped.,./The,./genus,./(Bacillus,./anthracis).,./Single,./bacillus,,./diplobacil
li,,./streptobacilli,,./and,./palisade,./(rods,./laid,./side,./by,./side,,./forming,./a,./fence-
like,./appearance;,./can,./also,./be,./V-shaped).,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./does,./bacillus,./or,./bacilli,./refer,./to?,./What,./about,./Bacillus?,./What,./ar
e,./the,./bacilli,./arrangements?
Bacteria,./that,./is,./capable,./of,./altering,./its,./morphology,./to,./take,./on,./many,./dif
ferent,./shapes.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./does,./the,./term,./pleomorphic,./refer,./to?,./Ex.,./Pleomorphic,./bacilli
Spores,./are,./cells,./with,./very,./thick,./walls,./that,./can,./survive,./many,./extremes,,
./allowing,./a,./bacterium,./protection,./in,./order,./to,./preserve,./its,./genetic,./materi
al.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./spores,./and,./what,./do,./they,./allow,./a,./bacterium,,./such,./as,./bacilli,.
/with,./spores?
Filamentous,./and,./fusiform.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./the,./two,./different,./forms,./of,./bacilli,./rods?
,Hans,./Christian,./Gram.,./Crystal,./violet,,./iodine,,./decolorizer,,./and,./safranin.,./
The,./cell,./wall,./structure,./of,./the,./bacteria,./is,./what,./determines,./if,./it,./is,./gram,./
pos,./or,./neg.,./The,./thick,./peptidoglycan,./layer,./on,./gram,./pos,./MOs,./retains,./th
e,./crystal,./violet-
iodine,./complex.,./On,./gram,./neg,./MOs,,./there,./is,./only,./a,./thin,./layer,./of,./pepti
doglycan,./under,./a,./layer,./of,./lipids.,./The,./lipid,./layer,./retains,./the,./stain,./and,./t
he,./decolorizer,./then,./dissolves,./the,./lipid,./layer,,./removing,./the,./crystal,./viol
et-iodine,./complex.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Who,./invented,./the,./Gram,./stain,./and,./staining,./method?,./What,./are,./the,./rea
gents,./involved?,./How,./is,./Gram,./stain,./able,./to,./work?,./What,./makes,./some,./b
acteria,./gram,./pos,./and,./others,./neg?
Safranin.,./Once,./the,./decolorizer,./dissolves,./the,./lipid,./layer,./holding,./the,./cry
stal,./violet-
iodine,./complex,,./the,./safranin,./is,./able,./to,./stain,./the,./thin,./peptidoglycan,./lay
er,./underneath,,./causing,./the,./bacteria,./to,./appear,./pink.,./The,./pink,./bacteria,./c
an,./then,./be,./identified,./as,./Gram,./neg.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./is,./the,./counter,./stain,./that,./is,./used,./alongside,./Gram,./stain,./to,./identif
y,./the,./Gram,./neg,./bacteria?,./How,./does,./this,./work?
Cells,./from,./a,./culture,./are,./taken,./and,./spread,./over,./a,./thin,./area,./of,./a,./slide,./a
nd,./then,./heat,./fixed.,./The,./smear,./doesn't,./need,./to,./be,./too,./thin,./or,./too,./thick,,.
/otherwise,./it,./will,./be,./unable,./to,./be,./read,./properly.,./Smears,./are,./heat,./fixed,./
using,./a,./bunsen,./burner,,./an,./electric,./incinerator,,./or,./methanol.,./This,./is,./do
ne,./to,./kill,./the,./bacteria,./on,./the,./slide,,./prevent,./bacteria,./from,./washing,./off,./t
he,./slide,,./and,./allowing,./the,./smear,./to,./take,./up,./stain,./better.,./-
,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
, What,./is,./smear?,./What,./is,./important,./when,./preparing,./a,./smear?,./How,./ar
e,./smears,./heat,./fixed,./and,./why?
Place,./the,./slide,./on,./a,./staining,./rack,./and,./cover,./the,./smear,./with,./crystal,./vio
let,./solution.,./Let,./stand,./for,./30-
60,./seconds.,./Rinse,./with,./tap,./water,./to,./remove,./the,./crystal,./violet,,./then,./sha
ke,./off,./excess,./water.,./Cover,./the,./smear,./with,./Gram's,./iodine,./and,./let,./stand,.
/for,./30-
60,./seconds.,./Rinse,./with,./water,,./then,./shale,./off,./excess.,./Decolorize,./the,./s
mear,./with,./acetone-
alcohol,./and,./rinse,./with,./water,./as,./soon,./as,./the,./purple/blue,./color,./no,./longe
r,./runs,./off,./the,./slide.,./*Be,./careful,./to,./not,./over,./or,./under,./decolorize*,./Shak
e,./off,./excess,./water,./and,./counterstain,./with,./safranin,./for,./30,./seconds,,./rinse,
./with,./water,,./and,./dry,./slide,./by,./air,./or,./by,./blotting.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔
✔ What,./is,./the,./Gram,./staining,./procedure?
Gram,./neg,./cells,./such,./as,./human,./cells,./will,./appear,./washed,./out,./and,./gram,./
pos,./bacteria,./will,./appear,./gram,./neg,./or,./partially,./stained.,./Gram,./neg,./cells,./
such,./as,./human,./cells,./will,./appear,./dark,./red,.//,./purple,./and,./other,./gram,./neg,./
bacteria,./appear,./gram,./pos.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./will,./happen,./is,./the,./decolorizer,./is,./left,./on,./too,./long?,./What,./about,./
under-decolorized?
Damaged,./cells,./are,./a,./potential,./problem,./when,./looking,./at,./older,./culture,,./t
hey,./will,./not,./take,./up,./stain.,./This,./can,./be,./due,./to,./antibiotics.,./Overheating,./
a,./slide,./distorts,./cells,./from,./their,./normal,./shape,,./causing,./them,./to,./look,./we
ird,./when,./viewing.,./Improper,./reagent,./use,./can,./be,./a,./source,./of,./error,./when
Gram,./stain,,./culture,,./organism,./identification,,./and,./antimicrobial,./suscepti
bility.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
In,./the,./health,./care,./system,,./the,./physician,./consults,./with,./the,./patient,./and
,./retrieves,./a,./specimen.,./The,./specimen,./is,./then,./sent,./to,./the,./lab,,./a,./report,./is,.
/generated,,./and,./the,./report,./is,./sent,./to,./the,./physician.,./What,./are,./the,./4,./thin
gs,./included,./in,./the,./report,./from,./the,./micro,./lab?
Specimen,./collection.,./It,./is,./a,./tube,./closed,./on,./the,./bottom,./and,./open,./at,./the,.
/top,./with,./swabs,./inserted,./into,./the,./culturette,./container.,./-,./correct,./answer,./
✔ ✔ What,./is,./a,./culturette,./used,./for?
Collect,./the,./specimen,./with,./a,./culturette,./tube,,./plate,./it,./using,./either,./an,./aga
r,./or,./broth,./medium,,./incubate,./the,./culture,,./and,./then,./ID.,./Determine,./antim
icrobial,./susceptibility,./and,./report,./results.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./is,./the,./complete,./procedure,./done,./by,./the,./lab,./for,./collecting,./and,./t
hen,./identifying,./an,./organism?
Coccus,,./coccobacillus,,./vibrio,,./bacillus,,./spirillum,,./and,./spirochete.,./-
,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./the,./different,./morphologies,./of,./bacteria?
Coccus,./(one,./single,./colony),,./diplococci,./(two,./colonies),,./staphylococci,./(
multiple,./colonies,./in,./a,./triangle,./shape),,./streptococci,./(multiple,./colonies,./i
,n,./a,./linear,./row),,./sarcina,./(multiple,./colonies,./that,./can,./be,./on,./top,./of,./one,./a
nother,./in,./a,./square,./shape),,./and,./tetrad,./(four,./colonies,./in,./a,./square).,./-
,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./the,./different,./bacterial,./arrangements,./for,./cocci?
Rod,./shaped.,./The,./genus,./(Bacillus,./anthracis).,./Single,./bacillus,,./diplobacil
li,,./streptobacilli,,./and,./palisade,./(rods,./laid,./side,./by,./side,,./forming,./a,./fence-
like,./appearance;,./can,./also,./be,./V-shaped).,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./does,./bacillus,./or,./bacilli,./refer,./to?,./What,./about,./Bacillus?,./What,./ar
e,./the,./bacilli,./arrangements?
Bacteria,./that,./is,./capable,./of,./altering,./its,./morphology,./to,./take,./on,./many,./dif
ferent,./shapes.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./does,./the,./term,./pleomorphic,./refer,./to?,./Ex.,./Pleomorphic,./bacilli
Spores,./are,./cells,./with,./very,./thick,./walls,./that,./can,./survive,./many,./extremes,,
./allowing,./a,./bacterium,./protection,./in,./order,./to,./preserve,./its,./genetic,./materi
al.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./spores,./and,./what,./do,./they,./allow,./a,./bacterium,,./such,./as,./bacilli,.
/with,./spores?
Filamentous,./and,./fusiform.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./are,./the,./two,./different,./forms,./of,./bacilli,./rods?
,Hans,./Christian,./Gram.,./Crystal,./violet,,./iodine,,./decolorizer,,./and,./safranin.,./
The,./cell,./wall,./structure,./of,./the,./bacteria,./is,./what,./determines,./if,./it,./is,./gram,./
pos,./or,./neg.,./The,./thick,./peptidoglycan,./layer,./on,./gram,./pos,./MOs,./retains,./th
e,./crystal,./violet-
iodine,./complex.,./On,./gram,./neg,./MOs,,./there,./is,./only,./a,./thin,./layer,./of,./pepti
doglycan,./under,./a,./layer,./of,./lipids.,./The,./lipid,./layer,./retains,./the,./stain,./and,./t
he,./decolorizer,./then,./dissolves,./the,./lipid,./layer,,./removing,./the,./crystal,./viol
et-iodine,./complex.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
Who,./invented,./the,./Gram,./stain,./and,./staining,./method?,./What,./are,./the,./rea
gents,./involved?,./How,./is,./Gram,./stain,./able,./to,./work?,./What,./makes,./some,./b
acteria,./gram,./pos,./and,./others,./neg?
Safranin.,./Once,./the,./decolorizer,./dissolves,./the,./lipid,./layer,./holding,./the,./cry
stal,./violet-
iodine,./complex,,./the,./safranin,./is,./able,./to,./stain,./the,./thin,./peptidoglycan,./lay
er,./underneath,,./causing,./the,./bacteria,./to,./appear,./pink.,./The,./pink,./bacteria,./c
an,./then,./be,./identified,./as,./Gram,./neg.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./is,./the,./counter,./stain,./that,./is,./used,./alongside,./Gram,./stain,./to,./identif
y,./the,./Gram,./neg,./bacteria?,./How,./does,./this,./work?
Cells,./from,./a,./culture,./are,./taken,./and,./spread,./over,./a,./thin,./area,./of,./a,./slide,./a
nd,./then,./heat,./fixed.,./The,./smear,./doesn't,./need,./to,./be,./too,./thin,./or,./too,./thick,,.
/otherwise,./it,./will,./be,./unable,./to,./be,./read,./properly.,./Smears,./are,./heat,./fixed,./
using,./a,./bunsen,./burner,,./an,./electric,./incinerator,,./or,./methanol.,./This,./is,./do
ne,./to,./kill,./the,./bacteria,./on,./the,./slide,,./prevent,./bacteria,./from,./washing,./off,./t
he,./slide,,./and,./allowing,./the,./smear,./to,./take,./up,./stain,./better.,./-
,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
, What,./is,./smear?,./What,./is,./important,./when,./preparing,./a,./smear?,./How,./ar
e,./smears,./heat,./fixed,./and,./why?
Place,./the,./slide,./on,./a,./staining,./rack,./and,./cover,./the,./smear,./with,./crystal,./vio
let,./solution.,./Let,./stand,./for,./30-
60,./seconds.,./Rinse,./with,./tap,./water,./to,./remove,./the,./crystal,./violet,,./then,./sha
ke,./off,./excess,./water.,./Cover,./the,./smear,./with,./Gram's,./iodine,./and,./let,./stand,.
/for,./30-
60,./seconds.,./Rinse,./with,./water,,./then,./shale,./off,./excess.,./Decolorize,./the,./s
mear,./with,./acetone-
alcohol,./and,./rinse,./with,./water,./as,./soon,./as,./the,./purple/blue,./color,./no,./longe
r,./runs,./off,./the,./slide.,./*Be,./careful,./to,./not,./over,./or,./under,./decolorize*,./Shak
e,./off,./excess,./water,./and,./counterstain,./with,./safranin,./for,./30,./seconds,,./rinse,
./with,./water,,./and,./dry,./slide,./by,./air,./or,./by,./blotting.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔
✔ What,./is,./the,./Gram,./staining,./procedure?
Gram,./neg,./cells,./such,./as,./human,./cells,./will,./appear,./washed,./out,./and,./gram,./
pos,./bacteria,./will,./appear,./gram,./neg,./or,./partially,./stained.,./Gram,./neg,./cells,./
such,./as,./human,./cells,./will,./appear,./dark,./red,.//,./purple,./and,./other,./gram,./neg,./
bacteria,./appear,./gram,./pos.,./-,./correct,./answer,./✔ ✔
What,./will,./happen,./is,./the,./decolorizer,./is,./left,./on,./too,./long?,./What,./about,./
under-decolorized?
Damaged,./cells,./are,./a,./potential,./problem,./when,./looking,./at,./older,./culture,,./t
hey,./will,./not,./take,./up,./stain.,./This,./can,./be,./due,./to,./antibiotics.,./Overheating,./
a,./slide,./distorts,./cells,./from,./their,./normal,./shape,,./causing,./them,./to,./look,./we
ird,./when,./viewing.,./Improper,./reagent,./use,./can,./be,./a,./source,./of,./error,./when
