NR 283 Exam 2025 | Pathophysiology Exam | Updated Questions and Correct
Answers | Graded A+ | Verified Answers | Just Released
What regulates the release of hormones? - (CORRECT ANSWER)feedback systems
Positive Feedback - (CORRECT ANSWER)tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback - (CORRECT ANSWER)stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells - (CORRECT ANSWER)what is pumped out of the cells (ADH released from the posterior
pituitary gland)
Receiving Cells - (CORRECT ANSWER)what cells the hormones target (ADH targets the kidney)
Why are hormones are released? - (CORRECT ANSWER)-altered cell environment (increases intake of
glucose leads to a release of insulin)
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the release of other hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
Non-steroidal hormones - (CORRECT ANSWER)-water soluble, can float around blood stream with no
issues since the blood stream is made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid bilayer - which
is why we need receptors on the cells and second messengers (proteins that live inside the cells to help
get the message to the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect with a second messenger
Steroidal Hormones - (CORRECT ANSWER)-lipid soluble, fatty hormones floating around bloodstream
cannot float around easily so they need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get to the cell, they
dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver the message straight to the nucleus
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
, 2
regulation - (CORRECT ANSWER)refers to the receptivity of cells, how open is that cell to allow a
hormone in
Upregulation - (CORRECT ANSWER)if we starve a cell of a hormone, they will be much more likely to get
a hormone in
-this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't seen insulin in a while, the pancreas
isn't overworking to pump out insulin
Downregulation - (CORRECT ANSWER)-happens with type II diabetes, have tons of glucose in
bloodstream, in response the pancreas (beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the pancreas is
able to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess glucose in the blood, insulin comes to the cell
receptor and they wont let glucose in because they have become sensitized.Now it will take more insulin
to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
Thyroid Cascade - (CORRECT ANSWER)thyroid hormone helps us make ATP, the target cells for thyroid
hormone is every cell in the body so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started. Hypothalamus release TRH which reaches pituitary
gland and then releases TSH, TSH reaches thyroid and the thyroid gland release TH and then goes to
target cells (all cells in the body), once we have enough, negative feedback loop is initiated to stop
making TRH
Cause of Endocrine Disorders - (CORRECT ANSWER)-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
-target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
-congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
Hyperthyroidism - (CORRECT ANSWER)(graves disease)
, 3
-only affects women, autoimmune
-body produces antibodies (normally fight infection), but this AB's instead will go to the thyroid and will
mimic the cascade. They tell the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone, even when negative
feedback is taking place
-Sx: exophalmos (bulging of the eyes caused by inflammation from cell mediators), toxic goiter,
symptoms are also due to everything speeding up (hot because of increased metabolism which makes
more ATP - ATP releases heat, shaky: everything is moving fast through body, weight loss: crazy fast
metabolism, tachycardia, increased BP: thyroid hormone helps maintain BP
-Tx: iodine (kill part of thyroid) or surgically remove part of thyroid
Hypothryoidism - (CORRECT ANSWER)-common, autoimmune
-thyroid does not make enough TH
- AB's are attacking the thyroid so it is not able to make as much TH
-usually affects women
-Sx: due to lowered metabolism, everything slows down. Cold: not making a lot of ATP, super tired,
apathy (disinterest)
-Tx: synthroid which acts as a superficial TH, easy treatment that has to be regulated very closely as
metabolism needs change
SIADH - (CORRECT ANSWER)-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
-high levels of ADH (ADH helps keep water)
-if we have too much ADH, we have too much water in the blood stream, end of with tons of water and
not enough sodium
-hyponatremia: imbalance of water to salt, brain is super sensitive to this, the brain will know that this is
off
-problems happen from being in a hypo-osmolar state (not enough solutes in blood)
-ADH works on last part of nephron so it gets the last say on deciding on how much water to pull back
-causes: tumor on pituitary gland, occasionally after surgery
Answers | Graded A+ | Verified Answers | Just Released
What regulates the release of hormones? - (CORRECT ANSWER)feedback systems
Positive Feedback - (CORRECT ANSWER)tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback - (CORRECT ANSWER)stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells - (CORRECT ANSWER)what is pumped out of the cells (ADH released from the posterior
pituitary gland)
Receiving Cells - (CORRECT ANSWER)what cells the hormones target (ADH targets the kidney)
Why are hormones are released? - (CORRECT ANSWER)-altered cell environment (increases intake of
glucose leads to a release of insulin)
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the release of other hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
Non-steroidal hormones - (CORRECT ANSWER)-water soluble, can float around blood stream with no
issues since the blood stream is made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid bilayer - which
is why we need receptors on the cells and second messengers (proteins that live inside the cells to help
get the message to the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect with a second messenger
Steroidal Hormones - (CORRECT ANSWER)-lipid soluble, fatty hormones floating around bloodstream
cannot float around easily so they need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get to the cell, they
dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver the message straight to the nucleus
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
, 2
regulation - (CORRECT ANSWER)refers to the receptivity of cells, how open is that cell to allow a
hormone in
Upregulation - (CORRECT ANSWER)if we starve a cell of a hormone, they will be much more likely to get
a hormone in
-this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't seen insulin in a while, the pancreas
isn't overworking to pump out insulin
Downregulation - (CORRECT ANSWER)-happens with type II diabetes, have tons of glucose in
bloodstream, in response the pancreas (beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the pancreas is
able to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess glucose in the blood, insulin comes to the cell
receptor and they wont let glucose in because they have become sensitized.Now it will take more insulin
to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
Thyroid Cascade - (CORRECT ANSWER)thyroid hormone helps us make ATP, the target cells for thyroid
hormone is every cell in the body so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started. Hypothalamus release TRH which reaches pituitary
gland and then releases TSH, TSH reaches thyroid and the thyroid gland release TH and then goes to
target cells (all cells in the body), once we have enough, negative feedback loop is initiated to stop
making TRH
Cause of Endocrine Disorders - (CORRECT ANSWER)-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
-target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
-congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
Hyperthyroidism - (CORRECT ANSWER)(graves disease)
, 3
-only affects women, autoimmune
-body produces antibodies (normally fight infection), but this AB's instead will go to the thyroid and will
mimic the cascade. They tell the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone, even when negative
feedback is taking place
-Sx: exophalmos (bulging of the eyes caused by inflammation from cell mediators), toxic goiter,
symptoms are also due to everything speeding up (hot because of increased metabolism which makes
more ATP - ATP releases heat, shaky: everything is moving fast through body, weight loss: crazy fast
metabolism, tachycardia, increased BP: thyroid hormone helps maintain BP
-Tx: iodine (kill part of thyroid) or surgically remove part of thyroid
Hypothryoidism - (CORRECT ANSWER)-common, autoimmune
-thyroid does not make enough TH
- AB's are attacking the thyroid so it is not able to make as much TH
-usually affects women
-Sx: due to lowered metabolism, everything slows down. Cold: not making a lot of ATP, super tired,
apathy (disinterest)
-Tx: synthroid which acts as a superficial TH, easy treatment that has to be regulated very closely as
metabolism needs change
SIADH - (CORRECT ANSWER)-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
-high levels of ADH (ADH helps keep water)
-if we have too much ADH, we have too much water in the blood stream, end of with tons of water and
not enough sodium
-hyponatremia: imbalance of water to salt, brain is super sensitive to this, the brain will know that this is
off
-problems happen from being in a hypo-osmolar state (not enough solutes in blood)
-ADH works on last part of nephron so it gets the last say on deciding on how much water to pull back
-causes: tumor on pituitary gland, occasionally after surgery
