Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 NEWEST 2026-
2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 220
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+ BRAND NEW!!
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - CORRECT ANSWER: prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER: -increased movement of
free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - CORRECT ANSWER: C
,A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - CORRECT ANSWER: A
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER: -endogenous: product
of abnormal metabolism synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER: damage to the renal tubules due to presence of
toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
,d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER: A
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER: -event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - CORRECT ANSWER: -healthy cell - protein Bcl-2 on
surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective effect of
Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - CORRECT ANSWER: -Fas and TNF receptor are integral
membrane proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to the
cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
, apoptosis-inducing - CORRECT ANSWER: -neurons have another way to self-destruct that does
not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER: Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in
skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap - CORRECT ANSWER: AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium - CORRECT ANSWER: G= (pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW - CORRECT ANSWER: (current Na X TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER: OSM = 2 X [sodium concentration] +
[glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
calculation for water deficit - CORRECT ANSWER: ((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
calculation for water excess - CORRECT ANSWER: the difference between current TBW and
ideal TBW
water excess =
2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 220
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+ BRAND NEW!!
3 pathophysiolgical types of AKI - CORRECT ANSWER: prerenal
intrarenal (intrinsic)
postrenal
7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER: -increased movement of
free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids resulting in the
preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic effects
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - CORRECT ANSWER: C
,A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data - CORRECT ANSWER: A
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: C
abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER: -endogenous: product
of abnormal metabolism synthesis
-exogenous: infectious agent or material
acute tubular necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER: damage to the renal tubules due to presence of
toxins in the urine or to ischemia
most common cause of hospital acquired ARF
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
,d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER: A
apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER: -event that results in cell death
-quiet, organized, programmed process resulting in elimination of individual cells
Apoptosis - mitochondrial pathway - CORRECT ANSWER: -healthy cell - protein Bcl-2 on
surface - inhibits apoptosis
-internal damage to cell
-protein Bax migrates to the surface of the mitochondria where it inhibits protective effect of
Bcl-2
-inserts self into outer mitochondrial membrane punching holes in it
-cytochrome c leaks out
-cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1
-complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes
-bind to and activate caspase-9
-cleaves and activates other caspases (executioner ones)
-digestion of structural proteins in the cytoplasm
-degradation of chromosomal DNA
-phagocytosis of the cell
Apoptosis death-receptor pathway - CORRECT ANSWER: -Fas and TNF receptor are integral
membrane proteins with their receptor domains exposed at the surface of the cell
-binding of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF) transmits a signal to the
cytoplasm
-actiavation of caspase 8
-initiates cascade of caspase activation
-phagocytosis of cell
, apoptosis-inducing - CORRECT ANSWER: -neurons have another way to self-destruct that does
not use caspases
-AIF is a protein that is normally located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
-when cell receives death signal, AIF:
-released from mitochondria
-migrates to nucleus
-binds to DNA
-triggers destruction of the DNA and cell death
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER: Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in
skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
calculate the anion gap - CORRECT ANSWER: AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
calculation for corrected serum sodium - CORRECT ANSWER: G= (pt. glucose - 100)/100
(1.6 mEq/L x G) + (serum sodium)
calculation for ideal TBW - CORRECT ANSWER: (current Na X TBW)/140
Calculation for serum osmolality - CORRECT ANSWER: OSM = 2 X [sodium concentration] +
[glucose concentration/18] + [BUN/2.8]
calculation for water deficit - CORRECT ANSWER: ((current Na X TBW)/140) - TBW
calculation for water excess - CORRECT ANSWER: the difference between current TBW and
ideal TBW
water excess =
