International Human Rights
Questions and Answers Updated
2026
HumanitarianBlawB-BAnswerBDealBwithBtheBlawBofBwarBandBhowBtoBtreatBrefugees.
HumanBRightsBLawB-
BAnswerBItBisBveryBcloseBtoBHumanitarianBlaw;BTreatiesBthatBrelateBtoBhumanitarianBl
aw;BAffectBindividualsBandBgroupsB(religious,Bpolitical,Brace),BforBtheBmostBpartBdealsB
withBindividualBrights;BPrivateBactorsBcanBviolateBhumanBrightsBlaw.
NurembergBAffectBonBHumanBRightsBLawB-
BAnswerBChangedBtheBideaByouBcanBdoBwhatByouBwantBwithinByourBownBcountry.
VoterBrestrictionsBlawBobligationsB-
BAnswerBSpokenBinBtheBUniversalBDeclarationBofBHumanBRights,BHaveBtheBrightBtoBv
ote,BNoBracialBdiscriminationB(itBisBnotBexplicitBbutBsomeBcourtsBhaveBsaidBitBisBtheB
intentionBofBtheBdrafters.)
HumanBRightsB3BObligationsB-
BAnswerBDutyBtoBrespectB(refrainBfromBinterferingBwithBtheBenjoymentBofBrights),BDu
tyBtoBprotectB(preventBothersBfromBinterferingBwithBtheBenjoymentBofBrights),BandBD
utyBtoBfulfillB(adoptBappropriateBmeasuresBtowardsBtheBrealizationBofBeconomic,Bsocia
l,BandBculturalBrights).
JusBAdBbellumB-
BAnswerBSetBofBcriteriaBconsultedBbeforeBengagingBinBwarBinBorderBtoBdetermineBw
hetherBenteringBintoBwarBisBpermissibleBorBaBjustBwar.
JusBInBbelloB-BAnswerBRulesBofBwarBorBrulesBgoverningBtheBconductBduringBwar.
, UniversalBcrimesB-
BAnswerBi.e.BpiracyBandBslaveBtrade.BTheyBareBsubjectBtoBUniversalBJurisdictionB(inclu
desBinternationalBandBdomesticBjurisdiction,BeveryBstateBcanBprosecuteBthoseBwhoBco
mmitBtheseBcrimes).
ArticleB6BofBtheBLondonBAgreementBofB1945B-
BAnswerBEstablishesBtheBtribunalB(setBupBforBtrialBandBpunishmentBforBwarBcrimesB[I
nternationalBMilitaryBTribunal]BorBactingBinBtheBinterestBofBaxisBpowers).BExamplesBar
eBcrimesBagainstBpeaceB(warBofBaggression),Bwar,BandBhumanity.BTheBleaders,Baccom
plices,BandBorganizersBareBallBresponsibleBasBwellBasBcommanderBresponsibility.BWher
eBNurembergBwasBtried.
CommanderBresponsibilityB-
BAnswerBThoseBwhoBoverseaBaBcrimeBcarriedBoutBbyBfootBsoliderBisBresponsible.
KelloggBGrahamBPactB-
BAnswerBPledgeBnotBtoBuseBwarBasBanBinstrumentBofBforeignBpolicy.
UNBCharterBofB1945B-
BAnswerBTheyBnoBonlyBgiveByouBlegalBnorms,BbutBcreatesBinstitutions,BandBprocesses
.BTheBmostBsignificantBchangeBfromBgoverningBactivityBJusBInBBelloBandBgovernsBuseB
JusBAdBBellum.BABfundamentalBrightBstatedBthroughoutBmostBofBtheBUNBChapterBisBr
ightBtoBequalBprotection,BequalityBwithoutBreferenceBtoBrace,BsexB(includeBsexualBorie
ntation),Blanguage,BandBreligion.BSubordinateBdiscriminationB(discriminationBinBtheBuse
BofBtheBinstrument)BAutonomousBdiscriminationB(discriminationBgenerallyBwithoutBrefe
renceBtoBanBinstrument).
UNBCharterBArticlesBBuildingBUponBNurembergB-
BAnswerBArticleB2(4)B[MembersBshallBrefrainBinBtheirBinternationalBrelationsBfromBthr
eatBorBuseBofBforceBagainstBtheBterritorialBintegrityBorBpoliticalBindependenceBofBany
Bstate's]BandBArticleB51B[NothingBinBtheBcharterBshallBimpairBtheBinherentBrightBofBi
ndividualBorBcollectiveBself-defenseBifBanBarmedBattackBoccursBagainstBaBmember].
NormsB-BAnswerBPrincipals,Brules,BandBsoBon
Questions and Answers Updated
2026
HumanitarianBlawB-BAnswerBDealBwithBtheBlawBofBwarBandBhowBtoBtreatBrefugees.
HumanBRightsBLawB-
BAnswerBItBisBveryBcloseBtoBHumanitarianBlaw;BTreatiesBthatBrelateBtoBhumanitarianBl
aw;BAffectBindividualsBandBgroupsB(religious,Bpolitical,Brace),BforBtheBmostBpartBdealsB
withBindividualBrights;BPrivateBactorsBcanBviolateBhumanBrightsBlaw.
NurembergBAffectBonBHumanBRightsBLawB-
BAnswerBChangedBtheBideaByouBcanBdoBwhatByouBwantBwithinByourBownBcountry.
VoterBrestrictionsBlawBobligationsB-
BAnswerBSpokenBinBtheBUniversalBDeclarationBofBHumanBRights,BHaveBtheBrightBtoBv
ote,BNoBracialBdiscriminationB(itBisBnotBexplicitBbutBsomeBcourtsBhaveBsaidBitBisBtheB
intentionBofBtheBdrafters.)
HumanBRightsB3BObligationsB-
BAnswerBDutyBtoBrespectB(refrainBfromBinterferingBwithBtheBenjoymentBofBrights),BDu
tyBtoBprotectB(preventBothersBfromBinterferingBwithBtheBenjoymentBofBrights),BandBD
utyBtoBfulfillB(adoptBappropriateBmeasuresBtowardsBtheBrealizationBofBeconomic,Bsocia
l,BandBculturalBrights).
JusBAdBbellumB-
BAnswerBSetBofBcriteriaBconsultedBbeforeBengagingBinBwarBinBorderBtoBdetermineBw
hetherBenteringBintoBwarBisBpermissibleBorBaBjustBwar.
JusBInBbelloB-BAnswerBRulesBofBwarBorBrulesBgoverningBtheBconductBduringBwar.
, UniversalBcrimesB-
BAnswerBi.e.BpiracyBandBslaveBtrade.BTheyBareBsubjectBtoBUniversalBJurisdictionB(inclu
desBinternationalBandBdomesticBjurisdiction,BeveryBstateBcanBprosecuteBthoseBwhoBco
mmitBtheseBcrimes).
ArticleB6BofBtheBLondonBAgreementBofB1945B-
BAnswerBEstablishesBtheBtribunalB(setBupBforBtrialBandBpunishmentBforBwarBcrimesB[I
nternationalBMilitaryBTribunal]BorBactingBinBtheBinterestBofBaxisBpowers).BExamplesBar
eBcrimesBagainstBpeaceB(warBofBaggression),Bwar,BandBhumanity.BTheBleaders,Baccom
plices,BandBorganizersBareBallBresponsibleBasBwellBasBcommanderBresponsibility.BWher
eBNurembergBwasBtried.
CommanderBresponsibilityB-
BAnswerBThoseBwhoBoverseaBaBcrimeBcarriedBoutBbyBfootBsoliderBisBresponsible.
KelloggBGrahamBPactB-
BAnswerBPledgeBnotBtoBuseBwarBasBanBinstrumentBofBforeignBpolicy.
UNBCharterBofB1945B-
BAnswerBTheyBnoBonlyBgiveByouBlegalBnorms,BbutBcreatesBinstitutions,BandBprocesses
.BTheBmostBsignificantBchangeBfromBgoverningBactivityBJusBInBBelloBandBgovernsBuseB
JusBAdBBellum.BABfundamentalBrightBstatedBthroughoutBmostBofBtheBUNBChapterBisBr
ightBtoBequalBprotection,BequalityBwithoutBreferenceBtoBrace,BsexB(includeBsexualBorie
ntation),Blanguage,BandBreligion.BSubordinateBdiscriminationB(discriminationBinBtheBuse
BofBtheBinstrument)BAutonomousBdiscriminationB(discriminationBgenerallyBwithoutBrefe
renceBtoBanBinstrument).
UNBCharterBArticlesBBuildingBUponBNurembergB-
BAnswerBArticleB2(4)B[MembersBshallBrefrainBinBtheirBinternationalBrelationsBfromBthr
eatBorBuseBofBforceBagainstBtheBterritorialBintegrityBorBpoliticalBindependenceBofBany
Bstate's]BandBArticleB51B[NothingBinBtheBcharterBshallBimpairBtheBinherentBrightBofBi
ndividualBorBcollectiveBself-defenseBifBanBarmedBattackBoccursBagainstBaBmember].
NormsB-BAnswerBPrincipals,Brules,BandBsoBon