NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL STUDY
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
●● veins. Answer: transport blood to the heart
●● capillaries. Answer: microcirculation within tissue
●● systemic circulation. Answer: exchange of gases, nutrients, and
wastes in tissues
●● pulmonary circulation. Answer: gas exchange in the lungs
●● function of plasma proteins. Answer: osmotic pressure, antibody, and
blood clots
●● erythrocytes. Answer: contain hemoglobin, life span of about 20
days
●● erythropoietin. Answer: produced in the kidney, stimulates
erythrocyte production
,●● 3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis). Answer: 1. vasoconstriction of
vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3. coagulation mechanism
●● Rh+. Answer: antigen D in plasma membrane
●● Rh-. Answer: absence of antigen D
●● anemia. Answer: causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic
problem is hemoglobin deficit
●● oxygen deficit leads to. Answer: less energy production in all cells,
tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction-compensation mechanisms
●● general signs of anemia. Answer: fatigue, pallor, dyspnea,
tachycardia, decreased regeneration of epithelial cells, severe anemia
may lead to angina of CHF
●● iron deficiency anemia. Answer: insufficient iron impairs
hemoglobin synthesis
●● etiology of iron deficiency anemia. Answer: dietary intake of iron
below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired duodenal absorption of
iron, severe liver disease
, ●● signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. Answer: general
signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair, stomatitis,
glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
●● pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency). Answer: lack of
intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa, required for
intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for function of neurons
●● etiology of pernicious anemia. Answer: dietary insufficiency,
malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
●● signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. Answer: general signs,
tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive discomfort, feeling of
pins and needles, tingling of limbs
●● aplastic anemia. Answer: impairment or failure of bone marrow
leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia
●● pancytopenia. Answer: decreased numbers of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets in the blood
●● etiology of aplastic anemia. Answer: myelotoxins: radiation,
industrial chemicals, drugs, genetic abnormalities, hep C, SLE
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
●● veins. Answer: transport blood to the heart
●● capillaries. Answer: microcirculation within tissue
●● systemic circulation. Answer: exchange of gases, nutrients, and
wastes in tissues
●● pulmonary circulation. Answer: gas exchange in the lungs
●● function of plasma proteins. Answer: osmotic pressure, antibody, and
blood clots
●● erythrocytes. Answer: contain hemoglobin, life span of about 20
days
●● erythropoietin. Answer: produced in the kidney, stimulates
erythrocyte production
,●● 3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis). Answer: 1. vasoconstriction of
vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3. coagulation mechanism
●● Rh+. Answer: antigen D in plasma membrane
●● Rh-. Answer: absence of antigen D
●● anemia. Answer: causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic
problem is hemoglobin deficit
●● oxygen deficit leads to. Answer: less energy production in all cells,
tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction-compensation mechanisms
●● general signs of anemia. Answer: fatigue, pallor, dyspnea,
tachycardia, decreased regeneration of epithelial cells, severe anemia
may lead to angina of CHF
●● iron deficiency anemia. Answer: insufficient iron impairs
hemoglobin synthesis
●● etiology of iron deficiency anemia. Answer: dietary intake of iron
below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired duodenal absorption of
iron, severe liver disease
, ●● signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. Answer: general
signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair, stomatitis,
glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
●● pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency). Answer: lack of
intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa, required for
intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for function of neurons
●● etiology of pernicious anemia. Answer: dietary insufficiency,
malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
●● signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. Answer: general signs,
tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive discomfort, feeling of
pins and needles, tingling of limbs
●● aplastic anemia. Answer: impairment or failure of bone marrow
leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia
●● pancytopenia. Answer: decreased numbers of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets in the blood
●● etiology of aplastic anemia. Answer: myelotoxins: radiation,
industrial chemicals, drugs, genetic abnormalities, hep C, SLE
