SOLUTIONS MANUAL
** All Chapters included
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
2. Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing
3. Legal Aspects of Nursing
4. Values, Ethics, and Advocacy
5. Healthcare Delivery Systems
6. Community-Based and Home Health Nursing
7. Electronic Health Records and Information Technology
8. Development of Clinical Judgment in Client Care
9. Forming the Client’s Care Hypothesis
10. Refining Hypotheses, Generating Solutions, and Planning Nursing Care
11. Taking Action and Evaluating Outcomes
12. Documenting and Reporting
13. Caring
14. Communication in Nursing
15. Teaching and Learning in Nursing
16. Leading, Managing, and Delegating
17. Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness
18. Diversity and Inclusion in Nursing
19. Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities
20. Concepts of Growth and Development
21. Promoting Health from Conception Through Adolescence
22. Promoting Health in Young and Middle-Aged Adults
23. Promoting Health in Older Adults
24. Promoting Family Health
25. Vital Signs
26. Health Assessment
27. Pain Assessment and Management
28. Asepsis and Infection Prevention
29. Safety
30. Hygiene
31. Diagnostic Testing
32. Medication Administration
33. Skin Integrity and Wound Care
34. Perioperative Nursing
35. Sensory Perception
36. Self-Concept
37. Sexuality
38. Spirituality
39. Stress and Coping
40. Loss, Grieving, and Death
41. Movement, Positioning, and Mobility
42. Sleep
43. Nutrition
44. Urinary Elimination
45. Fecal Elimination
46. Oxygenation
47. Circulation
48. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance
,CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders, female and male, who influenced
the development of nursing.
2. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing
practice.
3. Describe the different types of educational programs for nurses.
4. Describe the major purpose of theory in the sciences and practice disciplines.
5. Identify the components of the metaparadigm for nursing.
6. Identify the role of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical
practice.
7. Explain the importance of continuing nursing education.
8. Describe how the definition of nursing has evolved since Florence Nightingale.
9. Identify the four major areas of nursing practice.
10. Identify the purposes of nurse practice acts and standards of professional nursing
practice.
11. Describe the roles of nurses.
12. Describe the expanded career roles of nurses and their functions.
13. Discuss the criteria of a profession and professional identity formation.
14. Discuss Benner’s levels of nursing proficiency.
15. Describe factors influencing contemporary nursing practice.
16. Explain the functions of national and international nurses’ associations.
Key Concepts
Historical Perspectives
1. Recurring themes of women’s roles and status, religious (Christian) values, war,
societal attitudes, and visionary nursing leadership have influenced practice.
Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter, and sister have always
included caring, nurturing, comforting, and supporting. In addition, women
generally occupied subservient and dependent roles. Men have worked as
nurses since the time of the Crusades but were denied admission to the Military
Nurse Corps during World War Ⅱ because it was believed that nursing was
women’s work.
1 Berman 12e Fundamentals of Nursing Copyright © 2026 by Pearson Education Inc.
, CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
Religion
2. Christian values, self-denial, spiritual calling, and devotion to duty and work had a
significant impact on nursing. Examples include the establishment of houses of
care and healing by Roman matrons like Fabiola in early Rome, orders of knights
(e.g., Knights of Saint Lazarus) that provided care to the sick and injured during
the Crusades, the Alexian brothers who organized care for the victims of the
Black Plague in the 14th century in Germany, and the Order of Deaconesses who
established a small hospital and training school where Florence Nightingale
received her training in nursing.
War
3. War created a need for nurses, and a number of early nursing leaders emerged
during wartime. Florence Nightingale is well known for her service during the
Crimean War. Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Mother Biekerdyke, Clara
Barton, and Dorothea Dix provided care during the American Civil War. During
World War Ⅱ the Cadet Nurse Corps was established. The Army-Navy Nurse Act
of 1947 allowed female nurses to be commissioned officers; this was amended in
1955 to include male nurses. Approximately 11,000 American military women
served as nurses in the Vietnam War. Between 2001 and 2015, over 6,300
nurses deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq, and 6 army nurses were killed in action.
BOX: Evidence-Based Practice
4. Sadhaan et al. (2022) conducted a meta-analysis and systemic review identifying
the four main themes: the challenges in nursing practice, the meaning of the
experience, the scope of practice, and nursing support during the pre- and post-
conflict.
Societal Attitudes
5. Throughout nursing’s history, societal attitudes about nurses have evolved, with
images such as the poorly educated woman, guardian angel or angel of mercy,
doctor’s handmaiden, heroine, sex object, tyrannical mother, and body expert. A
look at nursing’s beginnings reveals its continuing struggle for autonomy and
professionalization. Society’s attitudes about nursing during this period are
reflected in the writings of Charles Dickens. In his book Martin Chuzzlewit (1844),
2 Berman 12e Fundamentals of Nursing Copyright © 2026 by Pearson Education Inc.
** All Chapters included
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
2. Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing
3. Legal Aspects of Nursing
4. Values, Ethics, and Advocacy
5. Healthcare Delivery Systems
6. Community-Based and Home Health Nursing
7. Electronic Health Records and Information Technology
8. Development of Clinical Judgment in Client Care
9. Forming the Client’s Care Hypothesis
10. Refining Hypotheses, Generating Solutions, and Planning Nursing Care
11. Taking Action and Evaluating Outcomes
12. Documenting and Reporting
13. Caring
14. Communication in Nursing
15. Teaching and Learning in Nursing
16. Leading, Managing, and Delegating
17. Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness
18. Diversity and Inclusion in Nursing
19. Complementary and Alternative Healing Modalities
20. Concepts of Growth and Development
21. Promoting Health from Conception Through Adolescence
22. Promoting Health in Young and Middle-Aged Adults
23. Promoting Health in Older Adults
24. Promoting Family Health
25. Vital Signs
26. Health Assessment
27. Pain Assessment and Management
28. Asepsis and Infection Prevention
29. Safety
30. Hygiene
31. Diagnostic Testing
32. Medication Administration
33. Skin Integrity and Wound Care
34. Perioperative Nursing
35. Sensory Perception
36. Self-Concept
37. Sexuality
38. Spirituality
39. Stress and Coping
40. Loss, Grieving, and Death
41. Movement, Positioning, and Mobility
42. Sleep
43. Nutrition
44. Urinary Elimination
45. Fecal Elimination
46. Oxygenation
47. Circulation
48. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance
,CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders, female and male, who influenced
the development of nursing.
2. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing
practice.
3. Describe the different types of educational programs for nurses.
4. Describe the major purpose of theory in the sciences and practice disciplines.
5. Identify the components of the metaparadigm for nursing.
6. Identify the role of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical
practice.
7. Explain the importance of continuing nursing education.
8. Describe how the definition of nursing has evolved since Florence Nightingale.
9. Identify the four major areas of nursing practice.
10. Identify the purposes of nurse practice acts and standards of professional nursing
practice.
11. Describe the roles of nurses.
12. Describe the expanded career roles of nurses and their functions.
13. Discuss the criteria of a profession and professional identity formation.
14. Discuss Benner’s levels of nursing proficiency.
15. Describe factors influencing contemporary nursing practice.
16. Explain the functions of national and international nurses’ associations.
Key Concepts
Historical Perspectives
1. Recurring themes of women’s roles and status, religious (Christian) values, war,
societal attitudes, and visionary nursing leadership have influenced practice.
Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daughter, and sister have always
included caring, nurturing, comforting, and supporting. In addition, women
generally occupied subservient and dependent roles. Men have worked as
nurses since the time of the Crusades but were denied admission to the Military
Nurse Corps during World War Ⅱ because it was believed that nursing was
women’s work.
1 Berman 12e Fundamentals of Nursing Copyright © 2026 by Pearson Education Inc.
, CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice
Religion
2. Christian values, self-denial, spiritual calling, and devotion to duty and work had a
significant impact on nursing. Examples include the establishment of houses of
care and healing by Roman matrons like Fabiola in early Rome, orders of knights
(e.g., Knights of Saint Lazarus) that provided care to the sick and injured during
the Crusades, the Alexian brothers who organized care for the victims of the
Black Plague in the 14th century in Germany, and the Order of Deaconesses who
established a small hospital and training school where Florence Nightingale
received her training in nursing.
War
3. War created a need for nurses, and a number of early nursing leaders emerged
during wartime. Florence Nightingale is well known for her service during the
Crimean War. Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Mother Biekerdyke, Clara
Barton, and Dorothea Dix provided care during the American Civil War. During
World War Ⅱ the Cadet Nurse Corps was established. The Army-Navy Nurse Act
of 1947 allowed female nurses to be commissioned officers; this was amended in
1955 to include male nurses. Approximately 11,000 American military women
served as nurses in the Vietnam War. Between 2001 and 2015, over 6,300
nurses deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq, and 6 army nurses were killed in action.
BOX: Evidence-Based Practice
4. Sadhaan et al. (2022) conducted a meta-analysis and systemic review identifying
the four main themes: the challenges in nursing practice, the meaning of the
experience, the scope of practice, and nursing support during the pre- and post-
conflict.
Societal Attitudes
5. Throughout nursing’s history, societal attitudes about nurses have evolved, with
images such as the poorly educated woman, guardian angel or angel of mercy,
doctor’s handmaiden, heroine, sex object, tyrannical mother, and body expert. A
look at nursing’s beginnings reveals its continuing struggle for autonomy and
professionalization. Society’s attitudes about nursing during this period are
reflected in the writings of Charles Dickens. In his book Martin Chuzzlewit (1844),
2 Berman 12e Fundamentals of Nursing Copyright © 2026 by Pearson Education Inc.
