PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING & TEACHING
PRAXIS EXAM
1. The 5 Theoretical Perspectives of Learning
*Answer√√ Behaviorism, Social Cognitive Theory, Information Processing Theory, Constructivism,
Sociocultural Theory.
2. Behaviorism
*Answer√√ Behaviorists view learning as a process of accessing and changing associations between stimuli
and responses. We see behaviorist theory in action in approaches to classroom management and establishing
positive contexts for learning. It focuses on what can be observed and measured in learning; people's behaviors
(responses) and events in environment that promote behavior (stimuli). Conditioning, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards,
reinforcement, and punishment are all related to behaviorism.
3. Social Cognitive Theory
*Answer√√ Social Cognitive theorists focus on the ways people learn from observing one
another. Albert Bandura is a key theorist from the social cognitive theoretical perspective.
4. Information Processing Theory
,*Answer√√ This theory focuses more on what happens inside the learner's mind, considers the
processes of learning, memory, and performance. Theorists advanced the idea of building students' declarative
(knowledge of what is), procedural (knowledge of how to), and conditional (knowledge of when again) knowledge.
5. Constructivism
*Answer√√ Suggest that people construct or create knowledge based on their experiences and
interaction, as opposed to absorb knowledge. Some theorists focus on individual constructivism (how one person
makes meaning), while others focus on social constructivism (how people gain knowledge by working together). Jean
Piaget and Jerome Bruner are key theorists related to constructivism.
6. Sociocultural Theory
*Answer√√ States that the combination of social, cultural, and historical context in which a
learner exists have great influence on the person's knowledge construction and the ways teachers must organize
instruction. Lev Vygotsky and his theory on the zone of proximal development are key to sociocultural theory.
7. Benjamin Bloom
*Answer√√ Created Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning. It has 3 learning domains-cognitive, perfor-
mance or psychomotor, and attective. They impact the way teachers write lesson objectives, plan learning activities,
,and asses student performance.
8. Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning
*Answer√√ Created by Benjamin Bloom.
Cognitive domain; involves the mind and skills or strategies one uses, and is organized into 6 levels.
Performance domain; involves manual or physical skills one uses, which are divided into 7 subdivisions.
Attective domain; attitude. Divided into 5 subdivision.
9. Cognitive Domain
*Answer√√ Knowledge; recall info or data (define, list, locate).
Comprehension; understand meaning of instruction and problems (confirm, describe, explain, match).
Application; use concepts in a new situation (apply, build, produce, report).
Analysis; separate concepts into parts (analyze, categorize, compare, debate).
, Synthesis; build a pattern from diverse elements (compose, design, hypothesize, implement).
Evaluation; make judgements (assess, conclude, solve, justify).
10. Performance Domain
*Answer√√ Perception; use senses to guid motor activity (choose, describe, identify).
Set; ready to act (begin, move, proceed).
Guided responses; use trial and error, imitation to learn (copy, follow, replicate).
Mechanism; to respond in a habitual way with movements performed with some confidence and proficiency
(assemble, display).
Complex overt responses; perform complex movement patterns skillfully (assemble, quickly).
Adaptation; use well developed skills and be able to modify to fit special requirements (adapt, alter, revise).
Origination; create new movement patterns to fit a specific problem or situation (arrange, build, compose).
11. Affective Domain
*Answer√√ Receiving Phenomena; to be aware, to have selected attention (ask, follow, use).
Responding to phenomena; to actively participate (answers, discusses, helps).
Valuing; to determine worth (demonstrate, invite, join).
PRAXIS EXAM
1. The 5 Theoretical Perspectives of Learning
*Answer√√ Behaviorism, Social Cognitive Theory, Information Processing Theory, Constructivism,
Sociocultural Theory.
2. Behaviorism
*Answer√√ Behaviorists view learning as a process of accessing and changing associations between stimuli
and responses. We see behaviorist theory in action in approaches to classroom management and establishing
positive contexts for learning. It focuses on what can be observed and measured in learning; people's behaviors
(responses) and events in environment that promote behavior (stimuli). Conditioning, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards,
reinforcement, and punishment are all related to behaviorism.
3. Social Cognitive Theory
*Answer√√ Social Cognitive theorists focus on the ways people learn from observing one
another. Albert Bandura is a key theorist from the social cognitive theoretical perspective.
4. Information Processing Theory
,*Answer√√ This theory focuses more on what happens inside the learner's mind, considers the
processes of learning, memory, and performance. Theorists advanced the idea of building students' declarative
(knowledge of what is), procedural (knowledge of how to), and conditional (knowledge of when again) knowledge.
5. Constructivism
*Answer√√ Suggest that people construct or create knowledge based on their experiences and
interaction, as opposed to absorb knowledge. Some theorists focus on individual constructivism (how one person
makes meaning), while others focus on social constructivism (how people gain knowledge by working together). Jean
Piaget and Jerome Bruner are key theorists related to constructivism.
6. Sociocultural Theory
*Answer√√ States that the combination of social, cultural, and historical context in which a
learner exists have great influence on the person's knowledge construction and the ways teachers must organize
instruction. Lev Vygotsky and his theory on the zone of proximal development are key to sociocultural theory.
7. Benjamin Bloom
*Answer√√ Created Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning. It has 3 learning domains-cognitive, perfor-
mance or psychomotor, and attective. They impact the way teachers write lesson objectives, plan learning activities,
,and asses student performance.
8. Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning
*Answer√√ Created by Benjamin Bloom.
Cognitive domain; involves the mind and skills or strategies one uses, and is organized into 6 levels.
Performance domain; involves manual or physical skills one uses, which are divided into 7 subdivisions.
Attective domain; attitude. Divided into 5 subdivision.
9. Cognitive Domain
*Answer√√ Knowledge; recall info or data (define, list, locate).
Comprehension; understand meaning of instruction and problems (confirm, describe, explain, match).
Application; use concepts in a new situation (apply, build, produce, report).
Analysis; separate concepts into parts (analyze, categorize, compare, debate).
, Synthesis; build a pattern from diverse elements (compose, design, hypothesize, implement).
Evaluation; make judgements (assess, conclude, solve, justify).
10. Performance Domain
*Answer√√ Perception; use senses to guid motor activity (choose, describe, identify).
Set; ready to act (begin, move, proceed).
Guided responses; use trial and error, imitation to learn (copy, follow, replicate).
Mechanism; to respond in a habitual way with movements performed with some confidence and proficiency
(assemble, display).
Complex overt responses; perform complex movement patterns skillfully (assemble, quickly).
Adaptation; use well developed skills and be able to modify to fit special requirements (adapt, alter, revise).
Origination; create new movement patterns to fit a specific problem or situation (arrange, build, compose).
11. Affective Domain
*Answer√√ Receiving Phenomena; to be aware, to have selected attention (ask, follow, use).
Responding to phenomena; to actively participate (answers, discusses, helps).
Valuing; to determine worth (demonstrate, invite, join).
