NURS 501 Patho Exam 1 | 2026/2027 | Correct Answers |
Questions With Complete Solutions
_____ injury is cellular injury caused by the restoration of
physiologic concentrations of oxygen to cells that have been
exposed to injurious but nonlethal hypoxic conditions.
a. Hypoxic
b. Hyperoxygenation
c. Reperfusion
d. Ischemic Correct Answers c. Reperfusion
_____ of the epidermis initiate immune responses and provide
defense against environmental antigens.
a. Langerhans cells
b. Merkel cells
c. Keratinocytes
d. Melanocytes Correct Answers a. Langerhans cells
A 6-year-old healthy female with mild cold symptoms for a few
days woke up this morning with her right eye glued shut with
greenish discharge that the mother reports looked like "snot in
her eye" so she had to pry her eye open with a warm rag. The
white part of the eye is pinkish, not painful, and she is not
complaining of changes in vision. On exam, the lids appear
normal without swelling or erythema, the eye is mildly
erythematous, and there is yellowish-green discharge in the
lower lid. This diagnosis is characterized by inflammation of
which structure?
,a. Eyelids
b. Sebaceous glands
c. Meibomian glands
d. Conjunctiva Correct Answers d. Conjunctiva
A 17-year-old male from Pakistan presents for his first exam
since immigrating to the United States. He arrived on a
compassionate visa needing a bone marrow transplant for
treatment of an inherited blood disorder called Thalassemia
Major that is causing significant anemia requiring monthly
blood transfusions and damaging his liver and pancreas. He is
very ill in appearance with bronzed, yellow-brown skin color.
Blood work reveals elevated liver functions tests (over 10 times
normal) and elevated serum ferritin (in the 1,000s, normal is
about 50-100). The nurse practitioner concludes that these
findings are consistent with:
a. Addison's disesase.
b. hemosiderosis.
c. normal for someone with Thalassemia Major.
d. liver tumor. Correct Answers b. hemosiderosis.
A 19-year-old female presents to a substance abuse facility
voluntarily. She states, "I want to get clean because I am
pregnant" and she estimates she may be in the second trimester
of her pregnancy. Her urine drug screen is positive for
acetaldehyde. Based on this urine drug screen, what effects
might this have on the infant?
a. failure of alveoli to open at birth due to a small placenta
b. cognitive impairment and facial anomalies due to activation
of the MOES in the cytochrome P-450 system
, c. incompetent semilunar valves due to decreased oxygen in
utero secondary to substance use
d. esophageal stricture and short gut syndrome from inactivation
of the cytochrome P-450 system Correct Answers b. cognitive
impairment and facial anomalies due to activation of the MOES
in the cytochrome P-450 system
A 23-year-old female is attempting to reduce her weight by
skipping meals every day. What education would the nurse
practitioner provide from a pathophysiology perspective so that
this patient may understand why skipping meals will not reduce
her weight in a healthy manner?
a. starvation increases the breakdown of triglycerides which
enter the liver
b. the breakdown of triglycerides increases lipoproteins
(cholesterol)
c. the cycle of starvation, breakdown of triglycerides, and
increase in lipoproteins can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease
d. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can result in cirrhosis
e. all of the above are important in the process of patient
education Correct Answers e. all of the above are important in
the process of patient education
A 32-year-old female with autoimmune lupus presents with a 2-
day history of red eyes. There is no pain or discharge, but she
states, "my eyes feel a little irritated and I have blurry vision"
without a rash around the eyes or face. The patient does not have
a history of allergies or upper respiratory tract symptoms.
Physical exam reveals diffuse erythema of the eyes, left worse
Questions With Complete Solutions
_____ injury is cellular injury caused by the restoration of
physiologic concentrations of oxygen to cells that have been
exposed to injurious but nonlethal hypoxic conditions.
a. Hypoxic
b. Hyperoxygenation
c. Reperfusion
d. Ischemic Correct Answers c. Reperfusion
_____ of the epidermis initiate immune responses and provide
defense against environmental antigens.
a. Langerhans cells
b. Merkel cells
c. Keratinocytes
d. Melanocytes Correct Answers a. Langerhans cells
A 6-year-old healthy female with mild cold symptoms for a few
days woke up this morning with her right eye glued shut with
greenish discharge that the mother reports looked like "snot in
her eye" so she had to pry her eye open with a warm rag. The
white part of the eye is pinkish, not painful, and she is not
complaining of changes in vision. On exam, the lids appear
normal without swelling or erythema, the eye is mildly
erythematous, and there is yellowish-green discharge in the
lower lid. This diagnosis is characterized by inflammation of
which structure?
,a. Eyelids
b. Sebaceous glands
c. Meibomian glands
d. Conjunctiva Correct Answers d. Conjunctiva
A 17-year-old male from Pakistan presents for his first exam
since immigrating to the United States. He arrived on a
compassionate visa needing a bone marrow transplant for
treatment of an inherited blood disorder called Thalassemia
Major that is causing significant anemia requiring monthly
blood transfusions and damaging his liver and pancreas. He is
very ill in appearance with bronzed, yellow-brown skin color.
Blood work reveals elevated liver functions tests (over 10 times
normal) and elevated serum ferritin (in the 1,000s, normal is
about 50-100). The nurse practitioner concludes that these
findings are consistent with:
a. Addison's disesase.
b. hemosiderosis.
c. normal for someone with Thalassemia Major.
d. liver tumor. Correct Answers b. hemosiderosis.
A 19-year-old female presents to a substance abuse facility
voluntarily. She states, "I want to get clean because I am
pregnant" and she estimates she may be in the second trimester
of her pregnancy. Her urine drug screen is positive for
acetaldehyde. Based on this urine drug screen, what effects
might this have on the infant?
a. failure of alveoli to open at birth due to a small placenta
b. cognitive impairment and facial anomalies due to activation
of the MOES in the cytochrome P-450 system
, c. incompetent semilunar valves due to decreased oxygen in
utero secondary to substance use
d. esophageal stricture and short gut syndrome from inactivation
of the cytochrome P-450 system Correct Answers b. cognitive
impairment and facial anomalies due to activation of the MOES
in the cytochrome P-450 system
A 23-year-old female is attempting to reduce her weight by
skipping meals every day. What education would the nurse
practitioner provide from a pathophysiology perspective so that
this patient may understand why skipping meals will not reduce
her weight in a healthy manner?
a. starvation increases the breakdown of triglycerides which
enter the liver
b. the breakdown of triglycerides increases lipoproteins
(cholesterol)
c. the cycle of starvation, breakdown of triglycerides, and
increase in lipoproteins can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease
d. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can result in cirrhosis
e. all of the above are important in the process of patient
education Correct Answers e. all of the above are important in
the process of patient education
A 32-year-old female with autoimmune lupus presents with a 2-
day history of red eyes. There is no pain or discharge, but she
states, "my eyes feel a little irritated and I have blurry vision"
without a rash around the eyes or face. The patient does not have
a history of allergies or upper respiratory tract symptoms.
Physical exam reveals diffuse erythema of the eyes, left worse
