HESI EXAM 2 & 25 MOST COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS|
FROM QUESTION TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH
CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 70%
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is acute hepatic failure? Answer: A sudden, severe onset of acute liver failure that occurs
within 8 weeks after the first symptoms of jaundice.
Define cirrhosis. Answer: A chronic liver disease characterized by fibrotic changes, formation
of dense connective tissue, degenerative changes, and loss of functioning cells.
What is hepatic encephalopathy? Answer: Central nervous system dysfunction associated with
elevated ammonia levels, leading to changes in mental status and consciousness.
What is sclerotherapy? Answer: The injection of substances into or around esophagogastric
varices to cause constriction, thickening, and hardening of the vessel to stop bleeding.
What causes portal hypertension? Answer: Elevated pressure in the portal circulation due to
obstruction of venous flow into and through the liver.
What is the primary blood supply source to the liver? Answer: Approximately 80% of the blood
supply comes from the portal vein, which drains the GI tract and is rich in nutrients but lacks
oxygen.
What role does the liver play in glucose metabolism? Answer: The liver converts glucose from
portal blood into glycogen for storage and can convert glycogen back to glucose through
glycogenolysis.
What is gluconeogenesis? Answer: The process by which the liver synthesizes glucose from
amino acids or lactate, especially in response to hypoglycemia.
How does the liver handle ammonia? Answer: The liver converts metabolically generated
ammonia into urea, which is excreted in urine.
What is the liver's role in fat metabolism? Answer: The liver breaks down fatty acids for energy
and synthesizes ketone bodies, cholesterol, and other lipids.
Which vitamins and minerals are stored in the liver? Answer: Vitamins A, B, D, and several B-
complex vitamins, as well as iron and copper.
What is the first-pass effect? Answer: The metabolism of a medication by the liver before it
reaches systemic circulation, often reducing bioavailability.
What are serum aminotransferases? Answer: Sensitive indicators of liver cell injury, useful in
detecting acute liver diseases such as hepatitis.
What does an increase in ALT levels indicate? Answer: Primarily associated with liver
disorders and can be used to monitor hepatitis or cirrhosis.
What does an increase in AST levels suggest? Answer: May indicate damage to tissues of
organs such as the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney, not specific to liver disease.
What does increased GGT levels indicate? Answer: Associated with cholestasis and can also
indicate alcoholic liver disease.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
FROM QUESTION TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH
CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 70%
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is acute hepatic failure? Answer: A sudden, severe onset of acute liver failure that occurs
within 8 weeks after the first symptoms of jaundice.
Define cirrhosis. Answer: A chronic liver disease characterized by fibrotic changes, formation
of dense connective tissue, degenerative changes, and loss of functioning cells.
What is hepatic encephalopathy? Answer: Central nervous system dysfunction associated with
elevated ammonia levels, leading to changes in mental status and consciousness.
What is sclerotherapy? Answer: The injection of substances into or around esophagogastric
varices to cause constriction, thickening, and hardening of the vessel to stop bleeding.
What causes portal hypertension? Answer: Elevated pressure in the portal circulation due to
obstruction of venous flow into and through the liver.
What is the primary blood supply source to the liver? Answer: Approximately 80% of the blood
supply comes from the portal vein, which drains the GI tract and is rich in nutrients but lacks
oxygen.
What role does the liver play in glucose metabolism? Answer: The liver converts glucose from
portal blood into glycogen for storage and can convert glycogen back to glucose through
glycogenolysis.
What is gluconeogenesis? Answer: The process by which the liver synthesizes glucose from
amino acids or lactate, especially in response to hypoglycemia.
How does the liver handle ammonia? Answer: The liver converts metabolically generated
ammonia into urea, which is excreted in urine.
What is the liver's role in fat metabolism? Answer: The liver breaks down fatty acids for energy
and synthesizes ketone bodies, cholesterol, and other lipids.
Which vitamins and minerals are stored in the liver? Answer: Vitamins A, B, D, and several B-
complex vitamins, as well as iron and copper.
What is the first-pass effect? Answer: The metabolism of a medication by the liver before it
reaches systemic circulation, often reducing bioavailability.
What are serum aminotransferases? Answer: Sensitive indicators of liver cell injury, useful in
detecting acute liver diseases such as hepatitis.
What does an increase in ALT levels indicate? Answer: Primarily associated with liver
disorders and can be used to monitor hepatitis or cirrhosis.
What does an increase in AST levels suggest? Answer: May indicate damage to tissues of
organs such as the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney, not specific to liver disease.
What does increased GGT levels indicate? Answer: Associated with cholestasis and can also
indicate alcoholic liver disease.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
