NUR 641E Final Exam Questions with 100%
Verified Correct Answers
Pharmacokinetics involves
a: Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma.
b: Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid.
c: Metabolism: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
d: Elimination: the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is
Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption
Intravenous route avoids
First-pass metabolism in the liver
Rectal administration has
variable and erratic absorption
Steady State (SS) is usually reached within
4-5 half-lives of a drug
Half-life of a drug is
,How long it takes for the drug to be excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means
The metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means
A drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA
a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics (Phase
1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in a population for
which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept medications or placebo for
efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
,f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase
4)
Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
a: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC
MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological
85%-90%
Adverse drug reactions are usually
, Preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication
errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported
No, ADRs are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy
Involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple medications, and using
several pharmacies for prescription filling
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
How ACEI reduce blood pressure
ACEI reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
Important side effects of ACEI include
Cough and angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs)
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro), Losartan (Cozaar),
Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
How ARBs reduce blood pressure
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors
Essential (primary) hypertension accounts for
accounts for 90% of cases
Verified Correct Answers
Pharmacokinetics involves
a: Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma.
b: Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid.
c: Metabolism: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
d: Elimination: the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is
Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption
Intravenous route avoids
First-pass metabolism in the liver
Rectal administration has
variable and erratic absorption
Steady State (SS) is usually reached within
4-5 half-lives of a drug
Half-life of a drug is
,How long it takes for the drug to be excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means
The metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means
A drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA
a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics (Phase
1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in a population for
which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept medications or placebo for
efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
,f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase
4)
Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
a: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC
MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological
85%-90%
Adverse drug reactions are usually
, Preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication
errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported
No, ADRs are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy
Involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple medications, and using
several pharmacies for prescription filling
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
How ACEI reduce blood pressure
ACEI reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
Important side effects of ACEI include
Cough and angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs)
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro), Losartan (Cozaar),
Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
How ARBs reduce blood pressure
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors
Essential (primary) hypertension accounts for
accounts for 90% of cases
