NUR 641E Final Exam Review Questions with
100% Verified Correct Answers
What does pharmacokinetics involve?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What is absorption?
from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the blood plasma
What is distribution?
reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid
What is metabolism?
Biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
What is elimination?
The drug and it metabolites are eliminated from the body
What route of administration has the highest bioavailability?
intravenous
Which route of administration avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver?
intravenous route
What administration route has variable and erractic absorption?
rectal
When is a steady state of a drug reached?
,within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
What is important to know in regards to half-life?
determines how frequently the drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects last
What does first-order (linear) pharmacoknetics mean?
the metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
What does zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics?
a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
What does the drug development proccess involve according to the FDA?
discovery
preclinical research with animal testing
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Phase 4
What is phase one of drug development?
Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics
What is phase two of drug development?
Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety usually in a population for which
treatment is inteded
What is phase three of drug development?
,Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications or placebo for
efficacy and safety
What is phase four of drug development?
Postmarketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies
What are the medication safety organizations?
FDA
Institute for safe medication practices (ISMP)
JCAHO
What is the institute for safe medication practices?
non-profit organization that focuses on preventing medication errors and promoting safe
medication practices
What is the institute of medicine?
non-govermental nonprofit organization that provides unbiased advice to policymakers and
the public on matters of science, technology and health
What is joint commission?
non-profit organization that accredits and certifies a wide range of healthcare organizations
and programs in the US and internationally
What is the NCC MERP?
National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention--> comprised
of 27 leading national health care organizations thta collaborate and cooperate to address
medication errors
What is the FDA safe use intiative
, create and facilitate public and private collaborations within healthcare community
What are the two basic types of adverse drug reactions?
pharmacological and idiosyncratic
85% to 90% of adverse drug reactions are what type?
pharmacological
Are adverse drug reactions preventable?
yes
where do adverse drug reactions occur?
hospital or nursing home setting
what does adverse drug reactions include?
med errors
adverse drug effects
allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
Does the FDA mandate that ADRs are reported?
no
What does polypharmacy involve?
Multiple health care providers for care
usig multiple medications
using several pharmacies for prescription filling
Types of angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS)
100% Verified Correct Answers
What does pharmacokinetics involve?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What is absorption?
from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the blood plasma
What is distribution?
reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid
What is metabolism?
Biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues
What is elimination?
The drug and it metabolites are eliminated from the body
What route of administration has the highest bioavailability?
intravenous
Which route of administration avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver?
intravenous route
What administration route has variable and erractic absorption?
rectal
When is a steady state of a drug reached?
,within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
What is important to know in regards to half-life?
determines how frequently the drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects last
What does first-order (linear) pharmacoknetics mean?
the metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
What does zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics?
a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
What does the drug development proccess involve according to the FDA?
discovery
preclinical research with animal testing
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Phase 4
What is phase one of drug development?
Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics
What is phase two of drug development?
Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety usually in a population for which
treatment is inteded
What is phase three of drug development?
,Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications or placebo for
efficacy and safety
What is phase four of drug development?
Postmarketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies
What are the medication safety organizations?
FDA
Institute for safe medication practices (ISMP)
JCAHO
What is the institute for safe medication practices?
non-profit organization that focuses on preventing medication errors and promoting safe
medication practices
What is the institute of medicine?
non-govermental nonprofit organization that provides unbiased advice to policymakers and
the public on matters of science, technology and health
What is joint commission?
non-profit organization that accredits and certifies a wide range of healthcare organizations
and programs in the US and internationally
What is the NCC MERP?
National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention--> comprised
of 27 leading national health care organizations thta collaborate and cooperate to address
medication errors
What is the FDA safe use intiative
, create and facilitate public and private collaborations within healthcare community
What are the two basic types of adverse drug reactions?
pharmacological and idiosyncratic
85% to 90% of adverse drug reactions are what type?
pharmacological
Are adverse drug reactions preventable?
yes
where do adverse drug reactions occur?
hospital or nursing home setting
what does adverse drug reactions include?
med errors
adverse drug effects
allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
Does the FDA mandate that ADRs are reported?
no
What does polypharmacy involve?
Multiple health care providers for care
usig multiple medications
using several pharmacies for prescription filling
Types of angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS)
