NURS 354 QUIZ 1 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
AND ADVANCED CONCEPTS. EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation process is characterized by an increase in the number of cells in
an organ or tissue resulting from an increased rate of cellular division?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells. Hypertrophy
is the increase in cell size, whereas atrophy is a decrease in size and metaplasia is a
reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another.
2. A patient presents with a serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L. Which EKG change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Prominent U waves
B. Prolonged QT interval
,C. ST-segment depression
D. Tall, peaked T waves
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.0) causes tall, peaked T waves and
widening of the QRS complex. U waves and ST depression are associated with hypokalemia.
3. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of Type I hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. Cytotoxic T-cell mediated destruction
B. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
C. Immune complex deposition in tissues
D. IgG or IgM antibody-mediated cell lysis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is immediate and IgE-mediated, leading
to mast cell degranulation and histamine release. Type II is antibody-mediated, Type III is
immune complex, and Type IV is T-cell mediated.
4. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which enzyme is responsible for
converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone synthase
, C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
D. Angiotensinogen
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: ACE, primarily found in the pulmonary capillaries, converts
Angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II.
5. A patient’s ABG results are: pH 7.30, PaCO2 55 mmHg, HCO3 26 mEq/L. How would you
interpret these results?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The pH is low (<7.35) indicating acidosis, and the PaCO2 is high
(>45) indicating a respiratory cause. The HCO3 is within normal range, suggesting no
compensation yet.
6. Which of the following is a hallmark clinical manifestation of Right-sided Heart Failure?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Orthopnea
C. Peripheral edema and JVD
AND ADVANCED CONCEPTS. EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation process is characterized by an increase in the number of cells in
an organ or tissue resulting from an increased rate of cellular division?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells. Hypertrophy
is the increase in cell size, whereas atrophy is a decrease in size and metaplasia is a
reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another.
2. A patient presents with a serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L. Which EKG change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Prominent U waves
B. Prolonged QT interval
,C. ST-segment depression
D. Tall, peaked T waves
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.0) causes tall, peaked T waves and
widening of the QRS complex. U waves and ST depression are associated with hypokalemia.
3. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of Type I hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. Cytotoxic T-cell mediated destruction
B. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
C. Immune complex deposition in tissues
D. IgG or IgM antibody-mediated cell lysis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is immediate and IgE-mediated, leading
to mast cell degranulation and histamine release. Type II is antibody-mediated, Type III is
immune complex, and Type IV is T-cell mediated.
4. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which enzyme is responsible for
converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone synthase
, C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
D. Angiotensinogen
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: ACE, primarily found in the pulmonary capillaries, converts
Angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II.
5. A patient’s ABG results are: pH 7.30, PaCO2 55 mmHg, HCO3 26 mEq/L. How would you
interpret these results?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The pH is low (<7.35) indicating acidosis, and the PaCO2 is high
(>45) indicating a respiratory cause. The HCO3 is within normal range, suggesting no
compensation yet.
6. Which of the following is a hallmark clinical manifestation of Right-sided Heart Failure?
A. Pulmonary edema
B. Orthopnea
C. Peripheral edema and JVD
