BIOETHICS Actual Final Exam 2026-2027 Newest
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1. CONSEQUENTIALISM/UTILITARIANISM
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism is one kind of consequentialism.
Utilitarianism = Each being's happiness counts the same
Consequences rather than motive.
Hedonic Utilitarianism (maximize pleasure minimize pain)
The greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.
Issues: Is it okay to kill one innocent person to save three? Depends on
the version of consequentialism.
,2. DEONTOLOGICAL (DUTY)
Immanuel Kant
"a right act has a maxim that is universal"
A right act always treats persons as ends in themselves not as "mere
means"
Focus on motive -- right motive is to desire to do one's duty and to act
right.
3. VIRTUE ETHICS
Ancient Greece
Cardinal virtues of courage, temperance, wisdom, and justice.
Christians add theological virtues of faith, hope, and love (charity)
Versus Christian traditional "seven deadly sins" of the master vice pride,
and sloth, lust, envy, greed, anger, gluttony.
All about our characteristic ways of acting and being. In bioethics,
means what does it mean to be a good doctor or healthcare provider.
,4. PRINCIPILISM
Biggest modern bioethical perspective.
Autonomy, Beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
4(a). Autonomy
The first principle is "respect for persons" which translates to
"autonomy" for competent adults and protection for non-competent individuals and
especially those with vulnerabilities.
While rooted in the Belmont Report.
This is the predominate form of secular bioethics in the US.
The method is very useful as a corrective to the imbalance of power between
medical providers and patients, and between researchers and human research
subjects, and in those contexts where issues may be
resolved by reference to competent adult competency work well.
Autonomy seems good. However, the American sense of autonomy going to be
very different to East Asia because of the greater degree of emphasis on your duty
to society outweighing personal.
, 4(b). Beneficence
The obligation to do good to others through acts of assistance or help.
Beneficence is defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a
strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.
All professionals have the foundational moral imperative of doing right.
4(c). Non-maleficence
Do not harm.
Nonmaleficence is the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient.
This simply incapacitate, do not cause offense, and do not deprive
others of the goods of life.stated principle supports several moral
rules - do not kill, do not cause pain or suffering, do not
4(d). Justice
In bioethics, justice refers to everyone having an equal opportunity. This
principle seeks to eliminate discrimination in biological studies and
healthcare. Healthcare and research should not be based on sex, race,
religious beliefs, sexual orientation, etc, if possible.
Exam Version With Complete Accurate Real
Exam Questions With Elaborated Answers And
Rationales Verified 100% || Guaranteed Pass A+
||Brand New!!
1. CONSEQUENTIALISM/UTILITARIANISM
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism is one kind of consequentialism.
Utilitarianism = Each being's happiness counts the same
Consequences rather than motive.
Hedonic Utilitarianism (maximize pleasure minimize pain)
The greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.
Issues: Is it okay to kill one innocent person to save three? Depends on
the version of consequentialism.
,2. DEONTOLOGICAL (DUTY)
Immanuel Kant
"a right act has a maxim that is universal"
A right act always treats persons as ends in themselves not as "mere
means"
Focus on motive -- right motive is to desire to do one's duty and to act
right.
3. VIRTUE ETHICS
Ancient Greece
Cardinal virtues of courage, temperance, wisdom, and justice.
Christians add theological virtues of faith, hope, and love (charity)
Versus Christian traditional "seven deadly sins" of the master vice pride,
and sloth, lust, envy, greed, anger, gluttony.
All about our characteristic ways of acting and being. In bioethics,
means what does it mean to be a good doctor or healthcare provider.
,4. PRINCIPILISM
Biggest modern bioethical perspective.
Autonomy, Beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
4(a). Autonomy
The first principle is "respect for persons" which translates to
"autonomy" for competent adults and protection for non-competent individuals and
especially those with vulnerabilities.
While rooted in the Belmont Report.
This is the predominate form of secular bioethics in the US.
The method is very useful as a corrective to the imbalance of power between
medical providers and patients, and between researchers and human research
subjects, and in those contexts where issues may be
resolved by reference to competent adult competency work well.
Autonomy seems good. However, the American sense of autonomy going to be
very different to East Asia because of the greater degree of emphasis on your duty
to society outweighing personal.
, 4(b). Beneficence
The obligation to do good to others through acts of assistance or help.
Beneficence is defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a
strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.
All professionals have the foundational moral imperative of doing right.
4(c). Non-maleficence
Do not harm.
Nonmaleficence is the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient.
This simply incapacitate, do not cause offense, and do not deprive
others of the goods of life.stated principle supports several moral
rules - do not kill, do not cause pain or suffering, do not
4(d). Justice
In bioethics, justice refers to everyone having an equal opportunity. This
principle seeks to eliminate discrimination in biological studies and
healthcare. Healthcare and research should not be based on sex, race,
religious beliefs, sexual orientation, etc, if possible.
