CHSOS COMPREHENSIVE TEST BANK
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PRACTICE SOLUTION VERIFIED
◉ Actor. Answer: In health care simulation, professional and/or
amateur people trained to reproduce the components of real clinical
experience, especially involving communication between health
professionals and patients or colleagues (Australian Society for
Simulation in Healthcare).
◉ Advocacy and Inquiry. Answer: • A method of debriefing in which
an observer states what was observed or performed in a simulation
activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it
explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an explanation of
their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
• Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel;
whereas advocacy includes statements that communicate what an
individual thinks, knows, wants or feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
◉ Advocacy and Inquiry. Answer: A method of debriefing in which
an observer states what was observed or performed in a simulation
activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it
explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an explanation of
their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
, • Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel;
whereas advocacy includes statements that communicate what an
individual thinks, knows, wants or feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
◉ Alpha and Beta Testing. Answer: • Alpha- early testing of a product
by the developers or programmers, but not by potential users. The
purpose of alpha-testing is to find and resolve as many 'bugs' or
problems in the software that were unanticipated during the design
and development. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
• Beta - early testing of a software, program, simulation, or game, by
potential users. The purpose of beta-testing is identical to alpha-
testing. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
◉ Artificial Intelligence (AI). Answer: A system of computerized
data-gathering and prediction that models human behavior and
decision-making with minimal human intervention. In healthcare
simulation, AI often refers to underlying programming that provides
physiological or systembased algorithm changes based on inputs from
users and learners. Often paired with machine learning, in which the
software is programmed to alter algorithms and predictions based on
observed data and results without human intervention. Virtual patients
use artificial intelligence to react appropriately to the user or learner.
(Bennett and Hauser, 2013)
◉ Assessment. Answer: Refers to processes that provide information
about or feedback about individual participants, groups, or programs.
Specifically, assessment refers to observations of progress related to
knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA). Findings of assessment are
used to improve future outcomes (Scheckel, 2016; INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c, pp. S39-S40). • Involves measurement of the
,KSAs which can be recorded (Levine, DeMaria, Schwartz, & Sim,
2014).
Formative - a type of assessment (sometimes called an evaluation)
"wherein the facilitator's focus is on the participant's progress toward
goal attainment through preset criteria; a process for an individual or
group engaged in a simulation activity for the purpose of providing
constructive feedback for that individual or group to improve
(National League for Nursing Simulation Innovation Resource Center
[NLN-SIRC], 2013; Scheckel, 2016)" (INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c, p.S41).
Often completed at the same time as the instruction (Hamdorf &
Davies, 2016), development of the individual is the focus for the
simulation objectives/outcomes to be reached (INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c). • Summative - a type of assessment (sometimes
called an evaluation) "at the end of a learning period or at a discrete
point in time in which participants are provided with feedback about
their achievement of outcome through preset criteria; a process for
determining the competence of a participant engaged in healthcare
activity. The assessment of achievement of outcome criteria may be
associated with an assigned grade (NLN-SIRC, 2013; Scheckel,
2016)" (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c, p. S41).
Performance of the individual is compared to a specific standard
(Hamdorf & Davies, 2016). • High-stakes - a type of assessment
(sometimes called an evaluation) "associated with a simulation
activity
◉ Assessor. Answer: • A person who performs assessment of
individuals according to pre-established criteria.
• Assessors must have specific and substantial training, expertise, and
competency in assessment (Dictionary.com).
, ◉ Augmented Reality. Answer: A type of virtual reality in which
synthetic stimuli are superimposed on real-world objects, usually to
make information that is otherwise imperceptible to human senses
perceptible (M&S Glossary). • A technology that overlays digital
computer-generated information on objects or places in the real world
for the purpose of enhancing the user experience. • The combination
of reality and overlay of digital information designed to enhance the
learning process. • A spectrum of mixed-reality simulation that is part
way between the real world and the virtual world. • A form of virtual
reality that includes head-mounted displays, overlays of computer
screens, wearable computers, or displays projected onto humans and
manikins (D.R. Berryman et al; M. Bajura et al; H. Fuchs et al).
◉ Avatar. Answer: • A virtual object used to represent a physical
object (e.g., a human) in a virtual world. • A graphical representation,
typically three-dimensional, of a person capable of relatively complex
actions, including facial expressions and physical responses, while
participating in a virtual simulation-based experience. The user
controls the avatar through the use of a mouse, keyboard, or a type of
joystick to move through the virtual simulation-based experience
(Riley, 2008). • Controlled avatars may be either 1st-person
perspective or 3rd-person perspective in virtual simulations. A 3rd-
person perspective places the view and camera so the user and learner
can see the controlled avatar (e.g., the player). A 1st-person
perspective places the camera such that the user and learner views the
world through the eyes of the avatar (i.e., the controlled avatar is
never visible on the screen). These perspectives only apply to screen-
based simulations using a mouse, keyboard, or joystick. Virtual
Reality simulations are almost always 1st-person. (Schuurink and
Toet, 2010)
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PRACTICE SOLUTION VERIFIED
◉ Actor. Answer: In health care simulation, professional and/or
amateur people trained to reproduce the components of real clinical
experience, especially involving communication between health
professionals and patients or colleagues (Australian Society for
Simulation in Healthcare).
◉ Advocacy and Inquiry. Answer: • A method of debriefing in which
an observer states what was observed or performed in a simulation
activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it
explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an explanation of
their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
• Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel;
whereas advocacy includes statements that communicate what an
individual thinks, knows, wants or feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
◉ Advocacy and Inquiry. Answer: A method of debriefing in which
an observer states what was observed or performed in a simulation
activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it
explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an explanation of
their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
, • Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel;
whereas advocacy includes statements that communicate what an
individual thinks, knows, wants or feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
◉ Alpha and Beta Testing. Answer: • Alpha- early testing of a product
by the developers or programmers, but not by potential users. The
purpose of alpha-testing is to find and resolve as many 'bugs' or
problems in the software that were unanticipated during the design
and development. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
• Beta - early testing of a software, program, simulation, or game, by
potential users. The purpose of beta-testing is identical to alpha-
testing. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
◉ Artificial Intelligence (AI). Answer: A system of computerized
data-gathering and prediction that models human behavior and
decision-making with minimal human intervention. In healthcare
simulation, AI often refers to underlying programming that provides
physiological or systembased algorithm changes based on inputs from
users and learners. Often paired with machine learning, in which the
software is programmed to alter algorithms and predictions based on
observed data and results without human intervention. Virtual patients
use artificial intelligence to react appropriately to the user or learner.
(Bennett and Hauser, 2013)
◉ Assessment. Answer: Refers to processes that provide information
about or feedback about individual participants, groups, or programs.
Specifically, assessment refers to observations of progress related to
knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA). Findings of assessment are
used to improve future outcomes (Scheckel, 2016; INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c, pp. S39-S40). • Involves measurement of the
,KSAs which can be recorded (Levine, DeMaria, Schwartz, & Sim,
2014).
Formative - a type of assessment (sometimes called an evaluation)
"wherein the facilitator's focus is on the participant's progress toward
goal attainment through preset criteria; a process for an individual or
group engaged in a simulation activity for the purpose of providing
constructive feedback for that individual or group to improve
(National League for Nursing Simulation Innovation Resource Center
[NLN-SIRC], 2013; Scheckel, 2016)" (INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c, p.S41).
Often completed at the same time as the instruction (Hamdorf &
Davies, 2016), development of the individual is the focus for the
simulation objectives/outcomes to be reached (INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c). • Summative - a type of assessment (sometimes
called an evaluation) "at the end of a learning period or at a discrete
point in time in which participants are provided with feedback about
their achievement of outcome through preset criteria; a process for
determining the competence of a participant engaged in healthcare
activity. The assessment of achievement of outcome criteria may be
associated with an assigned grade (NLN-SIRC, 2013; Scheckel,
2016)" (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c, p. S41).
Performance of the individual is compared to a specific standard
(Hamdorf & Davies, 2016). • High-stakes - a type of assessment
(sometimes called an evaluation) "associated with a simulation
activity
◉ Assessor. Answer: • A person who performs assessment of
individuals according to pre-established criteria.
• Assessors must have specific and substantial training, expertise, and
competency in assessment (Dictionary.com).
, ◉ Augmented Reality. Answer: A type of virtual reality in which
synthetic stimuli are superimposed on real-world objects, usually to
make information that is otherwise imperceptible to human senses
perceptible (M&S Glossary). • A technology that overlays digital
computer-generated information on objects or places in the real world
for the purpose of enhancing the user experience. • The combination
of reality and overlay of digital information designed to enhance the
learning process. • A spectrum of mixed-reality simulation that is part
way between the real world and the virtual world. • A form of virtual
reality that includes head-mounted displays, overlays of computer
screens, wearable computers, or displays projected onto humans and
manikins (D.R. Berryman et al; M. Bajura et al; H. Fuchs et al).
◉ Avatar. Answer: • A virtual object used to represent a physical
object (e.g., a human) in a virtual world. • A graphical representation,
typically three-dimensional, of a person capable of relatively complex
actions, including facial expressions and physical responses, while
participating in a virtual simulation-based experience. The user
controls the avatar through the use of a mouse, keyboard, or a type of
joystick to move through the virtual simulation-based experience
(Riley, 2008). • Controlled avatars may be either 1st-person
perspective or 3rd-person perspective in virtual simulations. A 3rd-
person perspective places the view and camera so the user and learner
can see the controlled avatar (e.g., the player). A 1st-person
perspective places the camera such that the user and learner views the
world through the eyes of the avatar (i.e., the controlled avatar is
never visible on the screen). These perspectives only apply to screen-
based simulations using a mouse, keyboard, or joystick. Virtual
Reality simulations are almost always 1st-person. (Schuurink and
Toet, 2010)
