Nurs 2500 Final Exam {2026/2027} Questions With
Complete Solutions
What are common clinical manifestations of Acute Liver
Failure?
Jaundice, ascites, nausea/vomiting, encephalopathy.
What is a key treatment intervention for Acute Liver Failure?
Liver transplant may be necessary depending on the cause.
What does DIC stand for?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
What are the main characteristics of DIC?
excessive clotting leading to depletion of clotting factors and
causing bleeding
What are the clinical manifestations of DIC?
Oozing from wounds, bruising, petechiae, and cyanosis.
What laboratory findings are associated with DIC?
Prolonged PT, PTT, low platelet/fibrinogen levels, and elevated
D-dimer.
What is the primary treatment for DIC?
Blood products such as PRBCs, plasma, and platelets.
For DIC which blood product do you give FIRST
Plasma THEN platelets
,What is pancreatitis?
Auto-digestion and inflammation of the pancreas.
What are common risk factors for pancreatitis?
Alcohol and gallstones.
Expected lab values in panreatits
increased lipase, amylase and WBC
What are potential complications of pancreatitis?
Sepsis/shock, organ dysfunction, and death.
What are common symptoms of pancreatitis?
Severe epigastric pain, nausea/vomiting, and rebound
tenderness.
What diagnostic tests are used for pancreatitis?
CT scan, ultrasound, and lab tests.
What is a key intervention in the treatment of pancreatitis?
NPO (nothing by mouth) status and IV hydration.
What is Grey Turner's sign?
bruising on the flanks, indicating internal bleeding.
What is Cullen's sign?
bruising around the umbilicus, indicating internal bleeding.
What pharmacological treatments are used in pancreatitis?
IV antibiotics and symptom management.
,What lifestyle changes are recommended for pancreatitis
patients?
Education on alcohol and smoking cessation.
What is a spinal cord injury?
Damage to the spinal cord resulting in alteration or loss of
mobility and sensation.
What distinguishes a complete spinal cord injury from an
incomplete one?
Complete injury has no motor/sensory function below the injury,
while incomplete injury has varying motor/sensory function.
What are primary and secondary injuries in spinal cord injury?
Primary injury is the immediate damage
secondary injury is the worsening damage from hours to weeks
after the injury.
What are common risk factors for spinal cord injury?
Trauma, violence, car accidents, sports, falls, and degenerative
conditions.
What is the most common injury site for quadriplegia?
C5.
phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
controls the diaphram. Patient will not be able to breath on their
own.
What is the most common injury site for paraplegia?
, T12/L1.
What functions are associated with cervical spinal nerves?
Breathing, bowel, bladder, and movement/sensation of
extremities.
What functions are associated with thoracic spinal nerves?
Movement/sensation of lower extremities, trunk instability,
bowel, and bladder.
What functions are associated with lumbar spinal nerves?
Bowel/bladder control and weakness or paralysis of lower
extremities.
What is neurogenic shock?
A type of shock due to loss of sympathetic tone resulting in
vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
What kind of shock happens in injuries at t6 and above
neurogenic shock
Clinical manifestations of neurogenic shock
Bradycardia, hypotension, warm/dry skin, and irregular
breathing patterns
What lab value is expected to be elevated in neurogenic shock?
Lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism.
What characterizes autonomic dysreflexia?
Severe hypertension, bradycardia, diaphoresis, and other
symptoms triggered by stimuli.
Complete Solutions
What are common clinical manifestations of Acute Liver
Failure?
Jaundice, ascites, nausea/vomiting, encephalopathy.
What is a key treatment intervention for Acute Liver Failure?
Liver transplant may be necessary depending on the cause.
What does DIC stand for?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
What are the main characteristics of DIC?
excessive clotting leading to depletion of clotting factors and
causing bleeding
What are the clinical manifestations of DIC?
Oozing from wounds, bruising, petechiae, and cyanosis.
What laboratory findings are associated with DIC?
Prolonged PT, PTT, low platelet/fibrinogen levels, and elevated
D-dimer.
What is the primary treatment for DIC?
Blood products such as PRBCs, plasma, and platelets.
For DIC which blood product do you give FIRST
Plasma THEN platelets
,What is pancreatitis?
Auto-digestion and inflammation of the pancreas.
What are common risk factors for pancreatitis?
Alcohol and gallstones.
Expected lab values in panreatits
increased lipase, amylase and WBC
What are potential complications of pancreatitis?
Sepsis/shock, organ dysfunction, and death.
What are common symptoms of pancreatitis?
Severe epigastric pain, nausea/vomiting, and rebound
tenderness.
What diagnostic tests are used for pancreatitis?
CT scan, ultrasound, and lab tests.
What is a key intervention in the treatment of pancreatitis?
NPO (nothing by mouth) status and IV hydration.
What is Grey Turner's sign?
bruising on the flanks, indicating internal bleeding.
What is Cullen's sign?
bruising around the umbilicus, indicating internal bleeding.
What pharmacological treatments are used in pancreatitis?
IV antibiotics and symptom management.
,What lifestyle changes are recommended for pancreatitis
patients?
Education on alcohol and smoking cessation.
What is a spinal cord injury?
Damage to the spinal cord resulting in alteration or loss of
mobility and sensation.
What distinguishes a complete spinal cord injury from an
incomplete one?
Complete injury has no motor/sensory function below the injury,
while incomplete injury has varying motor/sensory function.
What are primary and secondary injuries in spinal cord injury?
Primary injury is the immediate damage
secondary injury is the worsening damage from hours to weeks
after the injury.
What are common risk factors for spinal cord injury?
Trauma, violence, car accidents, sports, falls, and degenerative
conditions.
What is the most common injury site for quadriplegia?
C5.
phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
controls the diaphram. Patient will not be able to breath on their
own.
What is the most common injury site for paraplegia?
, T12/L1.
What functions are associated with cervical spinal nerves?
Breathing, bowel, bladder, and movement/sensation of
extremities.
What functions are associated with thoracic spinal nerves?
Movement/sensation of lower extremities, trunk instability,
bowel, and bladder.
What functions are associated with lumbar spinal nerves?
Bowel/bladder control and weakness or paralysis of lower
extremities.
What is neurogenic shock?
A type of shock due to loss of sympathetic tone resulting in
vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
What kind of shock happens in injuries at t6 and above
neurogenic shock
Clinical manifestations of neurogenic shock
Bradycardia, hypotension, warm/dry skin, and irregular
breathing patterns
What lab value is expected to be elevated in neurogenic shock?
Lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism.
What characterizes autonomic dysreflexia?
Severe hypertension, bradycardia, diaphoresis, and other
symptoms triggered by stimuli.
