CRAT TEST PAPER 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Steps to do an ECG - ✔✔Clearly explain procedure, answer all questions, confident
friendly manner, Patient will be cooperative if they trust you.
✔✔Cardiac Anatomy - ✔✔Heart is in center of chest under sternum and in between
lungs. 2/3 is left of sternum. Heart is divided into 4 chambers, 2 atria, 2 ventricles. Think
of heart as a double pump.
✔✔Right heart - ✔✔job is to pump deoxygenated blood to lungs where it exchanges
carbon dioxide for oxygen
✔✔Left heart - ✔✔After blood picks up oxygen in lungs it is passed into left heart and
pumped to body via aorta
✔✔Heart receives blood from body via which 2 veins? - ✔✔Superior Vena Cava and
Inferior Vena Cava, both into right atrium
✔✔Blood going into right heart - ✔✔just delivered oxygen and nutrients to the body
✔✔Semilunar valve - ✔✔A valve with a half moon shaped cusp that opens and close to
allow blood to travel only one way. Aortic and pulmonary valves are semilunar.
Separate ventricles from arteries leading to lungs and body. Send blood to body and
lungs.
✔✔Aortic Valve or Aortic semilunar - ✔✔A Semilunar valve that is located between left
ventricle and aorta. Pushes blood to body. REMEMBER LEFT VENRICLE->AORTA
This is a Blood flow control valve
✔✔Aorta - ✔✔Large artery of the body who's job it is to transport oxygenated blood
from left ventricle to the rest of body.
✔✔Pulmonary Valve or pulmonary Semilunar - ✔✔Semilunar valve located between
right ventricle and pulmonary artery. pushes blood through pulmonary truck to lungs.
REMEMBER RIGHT VENTRICLE -> PULMONARY ARTERY. This is a Blood flow
control valve
✔✔Pulmonary artery - ✔✔Large artery that transports blood from right ventricle to the
lungs. ONLY artery in body that carries deoxygenated blood.
✔✔Tricuspid Valve - ✔✔Atrioventricular valve that separates the right atrium and right
ventricle. Prevents backflow of blood to the right atrium.
, ✔✔Atria contracts when? - ✔✔After the Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve opens causing
ventricles to fill with blood.
✔✔Mitral Valve (also known as Bicuspid valve) - ✔✔Atrioventricular valve that
separates the left atrium and left ventricle. Prevents back flow of blood to left atrium
✔✔Valves prevent what? - ✔✔The back flow of blood
✔✔How to heart valves function? - ✔✔As the heart muscle contracts and relaxes, the
valves open and shut letting blood flow into the ventricles and atria at alternate times.
✔✔Step by step to valve function in left ventricle - ✔✔After the left ventricle contracts,
aortic valve closes and the mitral valve opens, allowing blood flow from left atrium to the
left ventricle, as the left atruim contracts, more blood flows into left ventricle. When the
left ventricle contracts again, the mitral valve closes and the aortic valve opens, so
blood flows into the aorta
✔✔Conduction system of the heart - ✔✔Heartbeat originates in the sinoatrial (SA)node
and travels thru the intermodal pathways to the atrioventricular (AV) node. The impulse
then passing in to the AV bundle/the Bundle of HIS to the interventricular septum where
it is divided between the right and left bundle branches where it travels to the apex of
the heart ending in the Purkinje fibers in the right and left ventricles causing them to
contract.
✔✔Electrical part of heart.... - ✔✔tells the mechanical part when to work.
✔✔AV node - ✔✔Gatekeeper who's job is to slow down electrical activity, delays the
electrical impulse to allow the atria to complete contraction
✔✔Tissue around AV Node is known as? - ✔✔Junctional
✔✔SA node - ✔✔Area of specialized cells in upper right atrium. Considered the normal
pacemaker of the heart. Initiates the heart beat
✔✔Bundle branches - ✔✔Conducts electrical impulses down both sides of the
interventricular septum
✔✔Right Atrium - ✔✔Right upper chamber of heart which receives blood from body
✔✔Left Atrium - ✔✔Left upper chamber of heart which receives blood from the lungs
✔✔Right Ventricle - ✔✔Right lower chamber of heart which pumps deoxygenated blood
to the lungs
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Steps to do an ECG - ✔✔Clearly explain procedure, answer all questions, confident
friendly manner, Patient will be cooperative if they trust you.
✔✔Cardiac Anatomy - ✔✔Heart is in center of chest under sternum and in between
lungs. 2/3 is left of sternum. Heart is divided into 4 chambers, 2 atria, 2 ventricles. Think
of heart as a double pump.
✔✔Right heart - ✔✔job is to pump deoxygenated blood to lungs where it exchanges
carbon dioxide for oxygen
✔✔Left heart - ✔✔After blood picks up oxygen in lungs it is passed into left heart and
pumped to body via aorta
✔✔Heart receives blood from body via which 2 veins? - ✔✔Superior Vena Cava and
Inferior Vena Cava, both into right atrium
✔✔Blood going into right heart - ✔✔just delivered oxygen and nutrients to the body
✔✔Semilunar valve - ✔✔A valve with a half moon shaped cusp that opens and close to
allow blood to travel only one way. Aortic and pulmonary valves are semilunar.
Separate ventricles from arteries leading to lungs and body. Send blood to body and
lungs.
✔✔Aortic Valve or Aortic semilunar - ✔✔A Semilunar valve that is located between left
ventricle and aorta. Pushes blood to body. REMEMBER LEFT VENRICLE->AORTA
This is a Blood flow control valve
✔✔Aorta - ✔✔Large artery of the body who's job it is to transport oxygenated blood
from left ventricle to the rest of body.
✔✔Pulmonary Valve or pulmonary Semilunar - ✔✔Semilunar valve located between
right ventricle and pulmonary artery. pushes blood through pulmonary truck to lungs.
REMEMBER RIGHT VENTRICLE -> PULMONARY ARTERY. This is a Blood flow
control valve
✔✔Pulmonary artery - ✔✔Large artery that transports blood from right ventricle to the
lungs. ONLY artery in body that carries deoxygenated blood.
✔✔Tricuspid Valve - ✔✔Atrioventricular valve that separates the right atrium and right
ventricle. Prevents backflow of blood to the right atrium.
, ✔✔Atria contracts when? - ✔✔After the Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve opens causing
ventricles to fill with blood.
✔✔Mitral Valve (also known as Bicuspid valve) - ✔✔Atrioventricular valve that
separates the left atrium and left ventricle. Prevents back flow of blood to left atrium
✔✔Valves prevent what? - ✔✔The back flow of blood
✔✔How to heart valves function? - ✔✔As the heart muscle contracts and relaxes, the
valves open and shut letting blood flow into the ventricles and atria at alternate times.
✔✔Step by step to valve function in left ventricle - ✔✔After the left ventricle contracts,
aortic valve closes and the mitral valve opens, allowing blood flow from left atrium to the
left ventricle, as the left atruim contracts, more blood flows into left ventricle. When the
left ventricle contracts again, the mitral valve closes and the aortic valve opens, so
blood flows into the aorta
✔✔Conduction system of the heart - ✔✔Heartbeat originates in the sinoatrial (SA)node
and travels thru the intermodal pathways to the atrioventricular (AV) node. The impulse
then passing in to the AV bundle/the Bundle of HIS to the interventricular septum where
it is divided between the right and left bundle branches where it travels to the apex of
the heart ending in the Purkinje fibers in the right and left ventricles causing them to
contract.
✔✔Electrical part of heart.... - ✔✔tells the mechanical part when to work.
✔✔AV node - ✔✔Gatekeeper who's job is to slow down electrical activity, delays the
electrical impulse to allow the atria to complete contraction
✔✔Tissue around AV Node is known as? - ✔✔Junctional
✔✔SA node - ✔✔Area of specialized cells in upper right atrium. Considered the normal
pacemaker of the heart. Initiates the heart beat
✔✔Bundle branches - ✔✔Conducts electrical impulses down both sides of the
interventricular septum
✔✔Right Atrium - ✔✔Right upper chamber of heart which receives blood from body
✔✔Left Atrium - ✔✔Left upper chamber of heart which receives blood from the lungs
✔✔Right Ventricle - ✔✔Right lower chamber of heart which pumps deoxygenated blood
to the lungs
