CPAN ACTUAL EXAMS TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers - ✔✔Agents that act as acetylcholine receptor
agonists, causing persistent stimulation and subsequent desensitization of the motor
endplate.
✔✔Non-Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers - ✔✔Agents that act as competitive
antagonists at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, preventing the neurotransmitter
from binding and initiating muscle contraction.
✔✔Succinylcholine - ✔✔The primary clinical example of a depolarizing agent,
characterized by a rapid onset and short duration of action.
✔✔Fasciculations - ✔✔Visible muscle twitches occurring immediately after the
administration of a depolarizing agent due to initial receptor activation.
✔✔Contraindications for Succinylcholine - ✔✔Clinical scenarios including hyperkalemia,
history of malignant hyperthermia, or severe burns where the risk of life-threatening
potassium release is elevated.
✔✔What are examples of depolarizing muscle relaxants? - ✔✔Succinylcholine is the
primary example of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
, ✔✔What are examples of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants? - ✔✔Examples include
rocuronium, vecuronium, pancuronium, atracurium, and cisatracurium.
✔✔How are nondepolarizing muscle relaxants typically reversed? - ✔✔They can be
reversed using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine, or specific binding
agents like sugammadex for certain steroidal relaxants.
✔✔Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency - ✔✔A genetic condition characterized by reduced
activity of the enzyme responsible for metabolizing succinylcholine and mivacurium,
leading to prolonged neuromuscular blockade.
✔✔Succinylcholine - ✔✔A depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that requires
rapid hydrolysis by plasma cholinesterase to terminate its clinical effect.
✔✔Management of Prolonged Blockade - ✔✔The clinical approach involving continued
mechanical ventilation and sedation until neuromuscular function spontaneously
returns, as there is no specific pharmacological reversal agent for this deficiency.
✔✔Potential complications of nephrectomy via thoracolumbar approach -
✔✔Hemorrhage, pneumothorax, splenic or hepatic injury, paralytic ileus, and atelectasis
or pneumonia due to diaphragmatic irritation and splinting.
✔✔Common side effects and complications of interscalene nerve block - ✔✔Ipsilateral
phrenic nerve palsy (resulting in diaphragmatic paralysis), Horner's syndrome (ptosis,
miosis, anhidrosis), recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, hoarseness, and potential for
inadvertent intravascular or intrathecal injection.
✔✔Common side effects of racemic epinephrine in pediatric patients - ✔✔Tachycardia,
hypertension, anxiety, tremors, and the potential for rebound airway edema following
the resolution of the drug's vasoconstrictive effects.
✔✔Signs of bladder distention following spinal anesthesia - ✔✔Manifests as
restlessness, agitation, diaphoresis, hypertension, or tachycardia, often occurring when
the patient is unable to void due to residual sensory and motor blockade.
✔✔1:1 Patient-to-Nurse Ratio - ✔✔Required for patients who are unconscious,
hemodynamically unstable, require mechanical ventilation, or are experiencing active
seizures or airway compromise.
✔✔2:1 Patient-to-Nurse Ratio - ✔✔Permissible for patients who are conscious,
hemodynamically stable, and have demonstrated adequate respiratory function,
provided they are nearing discharge criteria.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers - ✔✔Agents that act as acetylcholine receptor
agonists, causing persistent stimulation and subsequent desensitization of the motor
endplate.
✔✔Non-Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers - ✔✔Agents that act as competitive
antagonists at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, preventing the neurotransmitter
from binding and initiating muscle contraction.
✔✔Succinylcholine - ✔✔The primary clinical example of a depolarizing agent,
characterized by a rapid onset and short duration of action.
✔✔Fasciculations - ✔✔Visible muscle twitches occurring immediately after the
administration of a depolarizing agent due to initial receptor activation.
✔✔Contraindications for Succinylcholine - ✔✔Clinical scenarios including hyperkalemia,
history of malignant hyperthermia, or severe burns where the risk of life-threatening
potassium release is elevated.
✔✔What are examples of depolarizing muscle relaxants? - ✔✔Succinylcholine is the
primary example of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
, ✔✔What are examples of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants? - ✔✔Examples include
rocuronium, vecuronium, pancuronium, atracurium, and cisatracurium.
✔✔How are nondepolarizing muscle relaxants typically reversed? - ✔✔They can be
reversed using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine, or specific binding
agents like sugammadex for certain steroidal relaxants.
✔✔Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency - ✔✔A genetic condition characterized by reduced
activity of the enzyme responsible for metabolizing succinylcholine and mivacurium,
leading to prolonged neuromuscular blockade.
✔✔Succinylcholine - ✔✔A depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that requires
rapid hydrolysis by plasma cholinesterase to terminate its clinical effect.
✔✔Management of Prolonged Blockade - ✔✔The clinical approach involving continued
mechanical ventilation and sedation until neuromuscular function spontaneously
returns, as there is no specific pharmacological reversal agent for this deficiency.
✔✔Potential complications of nephrectomy via thoracolumbar approach -
✔✔Hemorrhage, pneumothorax, splenic or hepatic injury, paralytic ileus, and atelectasis
or pneumonia due to diaphragmatic irritation and splinting.
✔✔Common side effects and complications of interscalene nerve block - ✔✔Ipsilateral
phrenic nerve palsy (resulting in diaphragmatic paralysis), Horner's syndrome (ptosis,
miosis, anhidrosis), recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, hoarseness, and potential for
inadvertent intravascular or intrathecal injection.
✔✔Common side effects of racemic epinephrine in pediatric patients - ✔✔Tachycardia,
hypertension, anxiety, tremors, and the potential for rebound airway edema following
the resolution of the drug's vasoconstrictive effects.
✔✔Signs of bladder distention following spinal anesthesia - ✔✔Manifests as
restlessness, agitation, diaphoresis, hypertension, or tachycardia, often occurring when
the patient is unable to void due to residual sensory and motor blockade.
✔✔1:1 Patient-to-Nurse Ratio - ✔✔Required for patients who are unconscious,
hemodynamically unstable, require mechanical ventilation, or are experiencing active
seizures or airway compromise.
✔✔2:1 Patient-to-Nurse Ratio - ✔✔Permissible for patients who are conscious,
hemodynamically stable, and have demonstrated adequate respiratory function,
provided they are nearing discharge criteria.
