BLP LATEST UPDATES REVISION NOTES FOR
EXAM 2026 REVIEW PAPER COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS AND
MARKING SCHEME
◉ what accounts for the differences?
Answer: - shifts from infections to chronic
- better understanding of what causes infectious diseases
◉ what is the shift in thinking about illness?
Answer: - grouping similar ailments under a single "cause"
- recognition of the importance of data
◉ human attempts to improve well being
Answer: - humans have tried to improve their own health by making
observations, controlling their environment, food, and water
◉ leviticus
Answer: - rules governing food safety and hygiene
◉ role of healer
,Answer: - someone who has developed specialized knowledge in
using plants, animal substances, and behaviors
◉ hippocrates
Answer: "cure sometimes, treat often, comfort always."
- it is better to prevent than treat
- humors (blood, bile, phlegm)
*the shift from healer to doctor
◉ galen
Answer: - expands on the work of hippocrates
- used dissections to make systematic observations of the body
- extensive dissections of animals
◉ middle ages - why the backslide?
Answer: - fall of the roman empire, coupled with the spread of
christianity and feudalism
◉ development of a biomedical model
Answer: - cultural shift emphasizing education, entrepreneurship,
observation, and experimentation (scientific advancements)
,◉ reductionism
Answer: - mechanistic approach, focus on reducing to the simplest
individual pieces of a system, which is the sum of its parts (breaking
down the parts to fix the whole)
- becomes a dominant paradigm in science and philosophy
◉ lady wortley montagu
Answer: - She helped spread the use of inoculation in Europe
- Smallpox inoculation
◉ Edward Jenner
Answer: - Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796
- Cowpox inoculation
◉ Ignaz Semmelweis
Answer: - Identified the cause of childbed fever. Emphasized doctor
cleanliness
- Childbed fever deaths 5x higher in wards run by doctors/med
students than midwives
- Importance of the midwives having more knowledge and
experience with childbirth
◉ Cholera Epidemic
, Answer: - One of the first epidemics to be studied using
epidemiological methods.
- Waterborne
◉ Louis Pasteur
Answer: - Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
- Work on fermentation helped develop germ theory
- demonstrated that heat could safely kill microorganisms
◉ Alexander Fleming
Answer: - discovered penicillin
- accounts for dramatic drop in post combat deaths in WW2
◉ Difficulty with the model? Why the shift?
Answer: - model develops over time to focus on a biological cause
for illness (cure and prevention focused on the biological agent)
- the problem with the model is that different states could provide
different causes for illness
◉ Framingham Heart Study
Answer: - A large epidemiologic study begun in the 1940s, designed
to assess the relationship between lifestyle factors and risk for heart
disease
EXAM 2026 REVIEW PAPER COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS AND
MARKING SCHEME
◉ what accounts for the differences?
Answer: - shifts from infections to chronic
- better understanding of what causes infectious diseases
◉ what is the shift in thinking about illness?
Answer: - grouping similar ailments under a single "cause"
- recognition of the importance of data
◉ human attempts to improve well being
Answer: - humans have tried to improve their own health by making
observations, controlling their environment, food, and water
◉ leviticus
Answer: - rules governing food safety and hygiene
◉ role of healer
,Answer: - someone who has developed specialized knowledge in
using plants, animal substances, and behaviors
◉ hippocrates
Answer: "cure sometimes, treat often, comfort always."
- it is better to prevent than treat
- humors (blood, bile, phlegm)
*the shift from healer to doctor
◉ galen
Answer: - expands on the work of hippocrates
- used dissections to make systematic observations of the body
- extensive dissections of animals
◉ middle ages - why the backslide?
Answer: - fall of the roman empire, coupled with the spread of
christianity and feudalism
◉ development of a biomedical model
Answer: - cultural shift emphasizing education, entrepreneurship,
observation, and experimentation (scientific advancements)
,◉ reductionism
Answer: - mechanistic approach, focus on reducing to the simplest
individual pieces of a system, which is the sum of its parts (breaking
down the parts to fix the whole)
- becomes a dominant paradigm in science and philosophy
◉ lady wortley montagu
Answer: - She helped spread the use of inoculation in Europe
- Smallpox inoculation
◉ Edward Jenner
Answer: - Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796
- Cowpox inoculation
◉ Ignaz Semmelweis
Answer: - Identified the cause of childbed fever. Emphasized doctor
cleanliness
- Childbed fever deaths 5x higher in wards run by doctors/med
students than midwives
- Importance of the midwives having more knowledge and
experience with childbirth
◉ Cholera Epidemic
, Answer: - One of the first epidemics to be studied using
epidemiological methods.
- Waterborne
◉ Louis Pasteur
Answer: - Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
- Work on fermentation helped develop germ theory
- demonstrated that heat could safely kill microorganisms
◉ Alexander Fleming
Answer: - discovered penicillin
- accounts for dramatic drop in post combat deaths in WW2
◉ Difficulty with the model? Why the shift?
Answer: - model develops over time to focus on a biological cause
for illness (cure and prevention focused on the biological agent)
- the problem with the model is that different states could provide
different causes for illness
◉ Framingham Heart Study
Answer: - A large epidemiologic study begun in the 1940s, designed
to assess the relationship between lifestyle factors and risk for heart
disease
