POPM 3240 ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Define epidemiology the study of the FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION, and DETERMINANTS of health and
disease in populations
--> application of this study to control of health problems
--> looking upstream at causes rather than only downstream treatment
approaches taken and outcomes in work of Edward approach:
Jenner - "black box epidemiology" know nothing about what is going on (purely
observational)
- observed dairy maids and cowpox (immune to smallpox)
outcome:
- 1st vaccination
- vaccination refers to inoculation with vaccinia (aka cowpox)
since then... what has happened to smallpox (so today's eradicated
time)
In 2011 what was eradicated? Rinderpest (infectious disease of cattle and buffalo)
approaches taken and outcomes in work of James Lind approach:
- observed scurvy in the Royal Navy
- 1st clinical trial -- diff treatments allocated to 6 groups of 2
outcome:
- group receiving 2 oranges and 1 lemon per day recovered in "dramatic fashion"
impact:
- importance of experimental evidence in disease prevention, though adoption
was slow due to lack of biological explanation at the time
- scurvy was understood when Vit C was identified
, Why is scurvy seeing to come back today? due to malnutrition and prices of food
approaches taken and outcomes in work of Percival Pott approach:
- observational study of occupational carcinogen
outcome:
- scrotal cancer (skin sores) among chimney sweeps linked to coal soot exposure
impact:
- "Chimney Sweepers' Act" protect workers
approaches taken and outcomes in work of John Snow approach:
- mapping cases
- natural experiment/observational studies during cholera outbreak
- "Shoe Leather Epidemiology" 'walkabout' (door to door)
outcome:
- Broad Street pump the water contaminated by sewage from nearby cesspit
- handles removed from pumps
impact:
- interventions can be effective without full knowledge of disease mechanisms
- helped establish epidemiology as a scientific discipline
What was William Farr's theory for cause of cholera Miasmatic theory
("Bad Air")
What was the Grand Experiment of 1854 John Snow continued to research and found that the Southwark & Vauxhall water
company were delivering contaminated water to houses which showed for why
there were cases of cholera in other parts
approaches taken and outcomes in work of Ignaz approach:
Semmelweis - observed high incidence of puerperal fever (childbed fever)
- mother dyeing
- 2 maternity wards (1 staffed with male doctors & med students and 1 staffed with
female midwives)
outcome:
- handwashing with chlorine before delivery reduced deaths
- "cadaverous particles" on hands before deliveries (from autopsies)
impact:
- highlighted role of healthcare practices in disease transmission
- though his work was initially rejected due to prevailing miasma theory
Who provided evidence for germ theory? Louis Pasteur (isolated Streptococcus from blood of women with childbed fever)
Joseph Lister
Robert Koch
how can epidemiological approaches help us understand - identify patterns of disease in populations
patterns health and disease - investigate causes and risk factors of disease
- evaluate interventions for prevention and control
- informing public health policies and practices
- improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, even when biological
mechanisms not fully understood
Define epidemiology the study of the FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION, and DETERMINANTS of health and
disease in populations
--> application of this study to control of health problems
--> looking upstream at causes rather than only downstream treatment
approaches taken and outcomes in work of Edward approach:
Jenner - "black box epidemiology" know nothing about what is going on (purely
observational)
- observed dairy maids and cowpox (immune to smallpox)
outcome:
- 1st vaccination
- vaccination refers to inoculation with vaccinia (aka cowpox)
since then... what has happened to smallpox (so today's eradicated
time)
In 2011 what was eradicated? Rinderpest (infectious disease of cattle and buffalo)
approaches taken and outcomes in work of James Lind approach:
- observed scurvy in the Royal Navy
- 1st clinical trial -- diff treatments allocated to 6 groups of 2
outcome:
- group receiving 2 oranges and 1 lemon per day recovered in "dramatic fashion"
impact:
- importance of experimental evidence in disease prevention, though adoption
was slow due to lack of biological explanation at the time
- scurvy was understood when Vit C was identified
, Why is scurvy seeing to come back today? due to malnutrition and prices of food
approaches taken and outcomes in work of Percival Pott approach:
- observational study of occupational carcinogen
outcome:
- scrotal cancer (skin sores) among chimney sweeps linked to coal soot exposure
impact:
- "Chimney Sweepers' Act" protect workers
approaches taken and outcomes in work of John Snow approach:
- mapping cases
- natural experiment/observational studies during cholera outbreak
- "Shoe Leather Epidemiology" 'walkabout' (door to door)
outcome:
- Broad Street pump the water contaminated by sewage from nearby cesspit
- handles removed from pumps
impact:
- interventions can be effective without full knowledge of disease mechanisms
- helped establish epidemiology as a scientific discipline
What was William Farr's theory for cause of cholera Miasmatic theory
("Bad Air")
What was the Grand Experiment of 1854 John Snow continued to research and found that the Southwark & Vauxhall water
company were delivering contaminated water to houses which showed for why
there were cases of cholera in other parts
approaches taken and outcomes in work of Ignaz approach:
Semmelweis - observed high incidence of puerperal fever (childbed fever)
- mother dyeing
- 2 maternity wards (1 staffed with male doctors & med students and 1 staffed with
female midwives)
outcome:
- handwashing with chlorine before delivery reduced deaths
- "cadaverous particles" on hands before deliveries (from autopsies)
impact:
- highlighted role of healthcare practices in disease transmission
- though his work was initially rejected due to prevailing miasma theory
Who provided evidence for germ theory? Louis Pasteur (isolated Streptococcus from blood of women with childbed fever)
Joseph Lister
Robert Koch
how can epidemiological approaches help us understand - identify patterns of disease in populations
patterns health and disease - investigate causes and risk factors of disease
- evaluate interventions for prevention and control
- informing public health policies and practices
- improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, even when biological
mechanisms not fully understood
