NURS 205 ONCOLOGY FINAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉What are the routes of spread for cancer?. Answer: Lymphatic,
Hematogenous, Angiogenesis.
◉How do cancer cells spread through the lymphatic system?.
Answer: Cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel
through the lymphatic system.
◉What is the most common route for carcinomas?. Answer: The
lymphatic system is the most common route for carcinomas.
◉Why do lymph nodes enlarge in cancer?. Answer: Cancer cells get
trapped in lymph nodes.
◉What is sentinel lymph node mapping used for?. Answer: To see
the first node that cancer would spread to.
◉What role do lymph nodes play in cancer spread?. Answer: Lymph
nodes act like filters that catch cancer cells.
,◉How do cancer cells spread hematogenously?. Answer: Cancer
cells enter the bloodstream and spread to distant organs.
◉What types of tumors commonly spread hematogenously?.
Answer: Common in sarcomas and highly vascular tumors.
◉To which organs does cancer often spread via the bloodstream?.
Answer: Liver, lungs, brain, and bones.
◉What must tumor cells do to establish a new location after
spreading?. Answer: Survive circulating blood, then attach and grow
in a new location.
◉What does 'Hema' mean in the context of cancer spread?. Answer:
It means blood; cancer hitchhikes in the bloodstream.
◉Angiogenesis. Answer: The tumor creates its own blood supply by
growing new blood vessels.
◉Tumor chemicals. Answer: Tumor releases chemicals that tell the
body to grow new vessels.
◉Nutrient supply. Answer: These vessels feed the tumor → more
oxygen + nutrients = faster growth.
,◉Cancer spread. Answer: Also gives cancer an easy way to spread
once blood vessels form.
◉Angiogenesis inhibitors. Answer: Some cancer drugs work by
blocking angiogenesis.
◉Angio. Answer: Angio = vessels." The tumor builds a highway to
feed itself.
◉C - Change in Bowel/Bladder Habits. Answer: Colorectal cancer
(constipation/diarrhea, bloody stool), Bladder cancer (urgency,
frequency, blood in urine), Prostate cancer (urinary retention/weak
stream)
◉A - A Sore That Doesn't Heal. Answer: Skin cancer, Oral cancer,
Diabetic foot ulcers (can hide underlying cancer)
◉U - Unusual Discharge or Bleeding. Answer: Cervical cancer,
Uterine/endometrial cancer, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer,
Bladder cancer
◉T - Thickening or Lump in Breast or Elsewhere. Answer: Breast
cancer, Testicular cancer, Ovarian cancer
, ◉I - Indigestion or Dysphagia. Answer: Stomach cancer, Esophageal
cancer, Throat cancer
◉O - Obvious Change in Wart or Mole. Answer: Melanoma, Other
skin cancers
◉N - Nagging Cough or Hoarseness. Answer: Lung cancer, Throat
cancer, Thyroid Cancer
◉What does benign mean?. Answer: Good
◉What does malignant mean?. Answer: Malicious (bad)
◉What is the gold standard for cancer diagnosis when a polyp is
found?. Answer: Biopsy
◉What is carcinogenesis?. Answer: The step-by-step process where
normal cells become cancer cells.
◉What are the three phases of carcinogenesis?. Answer: Initiation,
Promotion, and Progression.
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉What are the routes of spread for cancer?. Answer: Lymphatic,
Hematogenous, Angiogenesis.
◉How do cancer cells spread through the lymphatic system?.
Answer: Cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel
through the lymphatic system.
◉What is the most common route for carcinomas?. Answer: The
lymphatic system is the most common route for carcinomas.
◉Why do lymph nodes enlarge in cancer?. Answer: Cancer cells get
trapped in lymph nodes.
◉What is sentinel lymph node mapping used for?. Answer: To see
the first node that cancer would spread to.
◉What role do lymph nodes play in cancer spread?. Answer: Lymph
nodes act like filters that catch cancer cells.
,◉How do cancer cells spread hematogenously?. Answer: Cancer
cells enter the bloodstream and spread to distant organs.
◉What types of tumors commonly spread hematogenously?.
Answer: Common in sarcomas and highly vascular tumors.
◉To which organs does cancer often spread via the bloodstream?.
Answer: Liver, lungs, brain, and bones.
◉What must tumor cells do to establish a new location after
spreading?. Answer: Survive circulating blood, then attach and grow
in a new location.
◉What does 'Hema' mean in the context of cancer spread?. Answer:
It means blood; cancer hitchhikes in the bloodstream.
◉Angiogenesis. Answer: The tumor creates its own blood supply by
growing new blood vessels.
◉Tumor chemicals. Answer: Tumor releases chemicals that tell the
body to grow new vessels.
◉Nutrient supply. Answer: These vessels feed the tumor → more
oxygen + nutrients = faster growth.
,◉Cancer spread. Answer: Also gives cancer an easy way to spread
once blood vessels form.
◉Angiogenesis inhibitors. Answer: Some cancer drugs work by
blocking angiogenesis.
◉Angio. Answer: Angio = vessels." The tumor builds a highway to
feed itself.
◉C - Change in Bowel/Bladder Habits. Answer: Colorectal cancer
(constipation/diarrhea, bloody stool), Bladder cancer (urgency,
frequency, blood in urine), Prostate cancer (urinary retention/weak
stream)
◉A - A Sore That Doesn't Heal. Answer: Skin cancer, Oral cancer,
Diabetic foot ulcers (can hide underlying cancer)
◉U - Unusual Discharge or Bleeding. Answer: Cervical cancer,
Uterine/endometrial cancer, Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer,
Bladder cancer
◉T - Thickening or Lump in Breast or Elsewhere. Answer: Breast
cancer, Testicular cancer, Ovarian cancer
, ◉I - Indigestion or Dysphagia. Answer: Stomach cancer, Esophageal
cancer, Throat cancer
◉O - Obvious Change in Wart or Mole. Answer: Melanoma, Other
skin cancers
◉N - Nagging Cough or Hoarseness. Answer: Lung cancer, Throat
cancer, Thyroid Cancer
◉What does benign mean?. Answer: Good
◉What does malignant mean?. Answer: Malicious (bad)
◉What is the gold standard for cancer diagnosis when a polyp is
found?. Answer: Biopsy
◉What is carcinogenesis?. Answer: The step-by-step process where
normal cells become cancer cells.
◉What are the three phases of carcinogenesis?. Answer: Initiation,
Promotion, and Progression.
