ECE 2026 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
& ELABORATED COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
family systems theory - Correct Answer ✔✔ A framework that emphasizes the notion
that everything that happens to any family member affects all other family members
developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) - Correct Answer ✔✔ Those practices in
early childhood education that are derived from deep knowledge of individual children
and the context in which they develop and learn
irreducible needs - Correct Answer ✔✔ Those needs that are basic to children's survival
and optimal development. The irreducible needs include - Nurturing relationships,
Safety, Consideration of individual differences, Limits, consistency and appropriate
expectations
vertical stressors - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to family systems theory, stress-
producing events that are embedded in particular families' patterns of relating
horizontal stressors - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to family systems theory, stress-
producing events that occur over time
zone of proximal development (ZPD) - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to Vygotsky, the
mechanism by which human development occurs
Developmental Assets - Correct Answer ✔✔ Critical factors necessary for children's
healthy development
External developmental assets - Correct Answer ✔✔ External developmental assets
come from families and communities. They include:
1. SUPPORT from families & community
2. EMPOWERMENT from being valued, & kept safe and secure
3. BOUNDARIES & EXPECTATIONS when children know what is expected of them
4. CONSTRUCTIVE USE OF TIME with opportunities to play & choose from a variety of
activities
internal developmental assets - Correct Answer ✔✔ commitment to learning, positive
values, social competencies, positive identity
families' strengths - Correct Answer ✔✔ Since young children gain their identity and
sense of self from families, recognition of family strengths leads to both children and
families doing better.
, Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory - Correct Answer ✔✔ Theory proposed by Urie
Bronfenbrenner that relates ecological systems to human development. This theoretical
model consists of five concentric circles, representing various systems that influence
human development.
exosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, a system that has
indirect effects on an individual
macrosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, the culture in
which one lives
mesosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, relationships
between contexts in the microsystem
microsystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, the setting in
which one lives or the near environment
chronosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, the
sociohistorical context of an individual
circumplex model - Correct Answer ✔✔ A family systems model intended to
demonstrate how all family members are interconnected
family support movement - Correct Answer ✔✔ A perspective that recognizes that
families are responsible for their children's development and that no family can function
alone
family life cycle approach - Correct Answer ✔✔ An approach to understanding families
that considers how families typically change over time
developmental contextualism - Correct Answer ✔✔ A theoretical approach to
understanding human development that considers both a strong biological foundation
and family as the central social institution
sociocultural theory - Correct Answer ✔✔ Vygotsky's theory that emphasizes the
relationship of the social environment, particularly cultural, to cognition and learning
The theorist who posed the premise that human knowledge derives from culture -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Vygotsky
Advocacy - Correct Answer ✔✔ Advocacy is actively supporting a cause. Anything you
do to build support for and awareness of issues to improve the lives of children and
families is advocacy
& ELABORATED COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
family systems theory - Correct Answer ✔✔ A framework that emphasizes the notion
that everything that happens to any family member affects all other family members
developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) - Correct Answer ✔✔ Those practices in
early childhood education that are derived from deep knowledge of individual children
and the context in which they develop and learn
irreducible needs - Correct Answer ✔✔ Those needs that are basic to children's survival
and optimal development. The irreducible needs include - Nurturing relationships,
Safety, Consideration of individual differences, Limits, consistency and appropriate
expectations
vertical stressors - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to family systems theory, stress-
producing events that are embedded in particular families' patterns of relating
horizontal stressors - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to family systems theory, stress-
producing events that occur over time
zone of proximal development (ZPD) - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to Vygotsky, the
mechanism by which human development occurs
Developmental Assets - Correct Answer ✔✔ Critical factors necessary for children's
healthy development
External developmental assets - Correct Answer ✔✔ External developmental assets
come from families and communities. They include:
1. SUPPORT from families & community
2. EMPOWERMENT from being valued, & kept safe and secure
3. BOUNDARIES & EXPECTATIONS when children know what is expected of them
4. CONSTRUCTIVE USE OF TIME with opportunities to play & choose from a variety of
activities
internal developmental assets - Correct Answer ✔✔ commitment to learning, positive
values, social competencies, positive identity
families' strengths - Correct Answer ✔✔ Since young children gain their identity and
sense of self from families, recognition of family strengths leads to both children and
families doing better.
, Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory - Correct Answer ✔✔ Theory proposed by Urie
Bronfenbrenner that relates ecological systems to human development. This theoretical
model consists of five concentric circles, representing various systems that influence
human development.
exosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, a system that has
indirect effects on an individual
macrosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, the culture in
which one lives
mesosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, relationships
between contexts in the microsystem
microsystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, the setting in
which one lives or the near environment
chronosystem - Correct Answer ✔✔ According to bioecological theory, the
sociohistorical context of an individual
circumplex model - Correct Answer ✔✔ A family systems model intended to
demonstrate how all family members are interconnected
family support movement - Correct Answer ✔✔ A perspective that recognizes that
families are responsible for their children's development and that no family can function
alone
family life cycle approach - Correct Answer ✔✔ An approach to understanding families
that considers how families typically change over time
developmental contextualism - Correct Answer ✔✔ A theoretical approach to
understanding human development that considers both a strong biological foundation
and family as the central social institution
sociocultural theory - Correct Answer ✔✔ Vygotsky's theory that emphasizes the
relationship of the social environment, particularly cultural, to cognition and learning
The theorist who posed the premise that human knowledge derives from culture -
Correct Answer ✔✔ Vygotsky
Advocacy - Correct Answer ✔✔ Advocacy is actively supporting a cause. Anything you
do to build support for and awareness of issues to improve the lives of children and
families is advocacy
