NURS 753 FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE
NAME THE FOUR TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY? -
ANSWERS-Natural active, artificial active, natural passive, and
artificial passive.
What is natural active acquired immunity? - ANSWERS-Pathogens
enter the body and cause illness; antibodies form. When we just get an
infection--There is memory
Ex. Person has rubella once.
What is artificial active acquired immunity? - ANSWERS-Vaccine
(live or attenuated organisms) is injected into the body. No illness
results but antibodies form. There is memory.
Ex. Person receives measles vaccine.
What is natural passive acquired immunity? - ANSWERS-Antibodies
are passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary
protection: no memory.
Ex. Passage through placenta during pregnancy; consumption of
breastmilk; lasts about 1 year.
What is natural artificial passive immunity? - ANSWERS-Antibodies
are injected into the body (antiserum) to provide temporary protection
or to minimize the severity of an infection. There is no memory.
,Ex. Gamma globulin injection to treat immunologic disease, such as
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura; human immunoglobulin to treat
hepatitis A and B.
What are live, attenuated vaccines? - ANSWERS-attenuated vaccines
that are created from weakened wild viruses or bacteria that can
replicate without causing diseases. Live, attenuated vaccines create an
almost identical immune response as active infection. (ex: Varicella,
MMR)
What are inactivated vaccines? - ANSWERS-Vaccines that are made
from whole or fractions of viruses or bacterial antigen or the toxin
produced by the bacteria. The response stimulated is mainly humoral
with little or no stimulation of cellular immunity.
(Example: Polio, rabies, hepatitis A)
What are fractional vaccines? - ANSWERS-Vaccines that are protein-
based vaccines made by modifying the toxins produced by some
bacteria; the modification does not cause disease. (ex: Tdap and
meningococcus)
What is recombinant vaccines? - ANSWERS-Vaccines that are
developed through genetic engineering technology and can include
the use of the pathogen's DNA, genetic medication of a pathogen, and
a viral vector which is a virus that has been modified to insert genetic
material into cells. (Ex: Hepatitis B, HPV, COVID-19)
,What is type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-The difference between
a normal immune response and a type I hypersensitivity response is
that the antibody produced is IgE instead of IgA, IgG, or IgM. The
IgE coats the mast cells and basophils, making them sensitive to the
allergen. Histamine is the mediator causing many symptoms.
Ex. Asthma, allergic rhinitis, systemic anaphylaxis
What is type 2 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-o Involves the
destruction of antigens on target cells or tissue.
§ The antigens may be intrinsic (self) or extrinsic (absorbed through
exposure). T
§ IgG or IgM antibodies bind with an individual's own specific cell or
tissue antigens, activating the complement system.
§ The result is destruction or a malfunctioning cell.
§ Recognition of these cells by macrophages triggers antibody
production.
§ Examples of type II reactions include blood transfusion reactions
and erythroblastosis fetalis.
What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-o Circulating antigen-
antibody complexes that have not been adequately cleared by the
innate blood-borne immune cells accumulate and become deposited in
tissues
§ Characteristics of the antigen-antibody complex will determine
where and with what tissue the complex will bind.
§ Tissues often affected in this way include the kidneys, joints, skin,
and blood vessels.
, § The accumulation of the complexes triggers the complement
system, causing local inflammation and increased vascular
permeability
Examples of type III reactions include autoimmune disorders
What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-o Delayed processing
of the antigen by macrophages. Type 4 is not antibody mediated.
These reactions can cause severe tissue injury and fibrosis.
§ Examples of type IV reactions include tuberculin skin testing,
transplant reactions, and contact dermatitis from poison ivy.
Treatment for type IV reactions is disease specific. ---per lecture what
she wants us to know about type 4.
What is primary immunodeficiency? - ANSWERS-involves basic
developmental failures, many of which result from genetic or
congenital abnormalities
What is secondary immunodeficiency? - ANSWERS-Refers to a loss
of immune function because of a specific cause; such causes may
include infection, splenectomy, malnutrition, hepatic disease, drug
therapy, or stress.
WHICH PROCESSES REQUIRE CELL ENERGY? - ANSWERS-
Active Transport, Pinocytosis
What is active transport? - ANSWERS-§ The movement against
concentration gradients by proteins utilizing energy, usually ATP
§ REQUIRES cellular energy
GUIDE
NAME THE FOUR TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY? -
ANSWERS-Natural active, artificial active, natural passive, and
artificial passive.
What is natural active acquired immunity? - ANSWERS-Pathogens
enter the body and cause illness; antibodies form. When we just get an
infection--There is memory
Ex. Person has rubella once.
What is artificial active acquired immunity? - ANSWERS-Vaccine
(live or attenuated organisms) is injected into the body. No illness
results but antibodies form. There is memory.
Ex. Person receives measles vaccine.
What is natural passive acquired immunity? - ANSWERS-Antibodies
are passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary
protection: no memory.
Ex. Passage through placenta during pregnancy; consumption of
breastmilk; lasts about 1 year.
What is natural artificial passive immunity? - ANSWERS-Antibodies
are injected into the body (antiserum) to provide temporary protection
or to minimize the severity of an infection. There is no memory.
,Ex. Gamma globulin injection to treat immunologic disease, such as
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura; human immunoglobulin to treat
hepatitis A and B.
What are live, attenuated vaccines? - ANSWERS-attenuated vaccines
that are created from weakened wild viruses or bacteria that can
replicate without causing diseases. Live, attenuated vaccines create an
almost identical immune response as active infection. (ex: Varicella,
MMR)
What are inactivated vaccines? - ANSWERS-Vaccines that are made
from whole or fractions of viruses or bacterial antigen or the toxin
produced by the bacteria. The response stimulated is mainly humoral
with little or no stimulation of cellular immunity.
(Example: Polio, rabies, hepatitis A)
What are fractional vaccines? - ANSWERS-Vaccines that are protein-
based vaccines made by modifying the toxins produced by some
bacteria; the modification does not cause disease. (ex: Tdap and
meningococcus)
What is recombinant vaccines? - ANSWERS-Vaccines that are
developed through genetic engineering technology and can include
the use of the pathogen's DNA, genetic medication of a pathogen, and
a viral vector which is a virus that has been modified to insert genetic
material into cells. (Ex: Hepatitis B, HPV, COVID-19)
,What is type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-The difference between
a normal immune response and a type I hypersensitivity response is
that the antibody produced is IgE instead of IgA, IgG, or IgM. The
IgE coats the mast cells and basophils, making them sensitive to the
allergen. Histamine is the mediator causing many symptoms.
Ex. Asthma, allergic rhinitis, systemic anaphylaxis
What is type 2 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-o Involves the
destruction of antigens on target cells or tissue.
§ The antigens may be intrinsic (self) or extrinsic (absorbed through
exposure). T
§ IgG or IgM antibodies bind with an individual's own specific cell or
tissue antigens, activating the complement system.
§ The result is destruction or a malfunctioning cell.
§ Recognition of these cells by macrophages triggers antibody
production.
§ Examples of type II reactions include blood transfusion reactions
and erythroblastosis fetalis.
What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-o Circulating antigen-
antibody complexes that have not been adequately cleared by the
innate blood-borne immune cells accumulate and become deposited in
tissues
§ Characteristics of the antigen-antibody complex will determine
where and with what tissue the complex will bind.
§ Tissues often affected in this way include the kidneys, joints, skin,
and blood vessels.
, § The accumulation of the complexes triggers the complement
system, causing local inflammation and increased vascular
permeability
Examples of type III reactions include autoimmune disorders
What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERS-o Delayed processing
of the antigen by macrophages. Type 4 is not antibody mediated.
These reactions can cause severe tissue injury and fibrosis.
§ Examples of type IV reactions include tuberculin skin testing,
transplant reactions, and contact dermatitis from poison ivy.
Treatment for type IV reactions is disease specific. ---per lecture what
she wants us to know about type 4.
What is primary immunodeficiency? - ANSWERS-involves basic
developmental failures, many of which result from genetic or
congenital abnormalities
What is secondary immunodeficiency? - ANSWERS-Refers to a loss
of immune function because of a specific cause; such causes may
include infection, splenectomy, malnutrition, hepatic disease, drug
therapy, or stress.
WHICH PROCESSES REQUIRE CELL ENERGY? - ANSWERS-
Active Transport, Pinocytosis
What is active transport? - ANSWERS-§ The movement against
concentration gradients by proteins utilizing energy, usually ATP
§ REQUIRES cellular energy
