KIN 4520 Kosma Final Test Questions
with All Correct Answers 2026
Updated.
Study purpose for Cardinal et. al - Answer identify any differences in the psychosocial
correlates of the SOC based on nationality & gender among US and French college students for
muscular fitness-promoting behaviors.
Methods-Participants for Cardinal et. al - Answer Study participants = college students from
Lyon 1 Univ, France and Oregon State
Majority participants were male and they had a BMI of 23.4
Americans were younger and they had higher BMIs than the French. Most of the French were
men while 50.6% Americans were females.
Methods-Major Variables for Cardinal et. al - Answer Stages of change: percieved PA intention
and behavior.
PC = lack of PA and lack of PA intention to be active
CO = lack of PA but intention to be active in the future
PR = irregular PA and intention to be active in one month
AC = regularly active for less than 6 months
MA = regularly active for more than 6 months
Correlates:
Percieved Pros (benefits) and cons (costs) of PA (decisional balance, similar to attitude in TPB)
, -men reported more cons and more pros than women
-men had higher SE than women
-percieved pros and SE increased across the SOC
-most important predictors of the SOC were nationality, SE, and pros
-least important SOC predictors were BMI and gender
-study variables accurately classified the participants into the SOC by 47.9%
-most accurately classified SOC were the pre-contemplation and maintenance
-the TTM was applicable to muscular fitness promoting behaviors among college students
Study Implication for Cardinal et. al - Answer -the study provides support of the application of
the TTM to muscular fitness-promoting behaviors for the development of PA promotion
programs
-the study provides information with regards to the use of the TTM cross-culturally supporting
the external validity of the model
"the use of rewards and punishments that increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar
response occuring in the future" - Answer Reinforcement
________________ is based on operant conditioning - Answer Reinforcement
General Principles of Reinforcement says that positive consequences lead to ... - Answer
behavior repetition
-we need to reinforce good behavior so it will be repeated
with All Correct Answers 2026
Updated.
Study purpose for Cardinal et. al - Answer identify any differences in the psychosocial
correlates of the SOC based on nationality & gender among US and French college students for
muscular fitness-promoting behaviors.
Methods-Participants for Cardinal et. al - Answer Study participants = college students from
Lyon 1 Univ, France and Oregon State
Majority participants were male and they had a BMI of 23.4
Americans were younger and they had higher BMIs than the French. Most of the French were
men while 50.6% Americans were females.
Methods-Major Variables for Cardinal et. al - Answer Stages of change: percieved PA intention
and behavior.
PC = lack of PA and lack of PA intention to be active
CO = lack of PA but intention to be active in the future
PR = irregular PA and intention to be active in one month
AC = regularly active for less than 6 months
MA = regularly active for more than 6 months
Correlates:
Percieved Pros (benefits) and cons (costs) of PA (decisional balance, similar to attitude in TPB)
, -men reported more cons and more pros than women
-men had higher SE than women
-percieved pros and SE increased across the SOC
-most important predictors of the SOC were nationality, SE, and pros
-least important SOC predictors were BMI and gender
-study variables accurately classified the participants into the SOC by 47.9%
-most accurately classified SOC were the pre-contemplation and maintenance
-the TTM was applicable to muscular fitness promoting behaviors among college students
Study Implication for Cardinal et. al - Answer -the study provides support of the application of
the TTM to muscular fitness-promoting behaviors for the development of PA promotion
programs
-the study provides information with regards to the use of the TTM cross-culturally supporting
the external validity of the model
"the use of rewards and punishments that increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar
response occuring in the future" - Answer Reinforcement
________________ is based on operant conditioning - Answer Reinforcement
General Principles of Reinforcement says that positive consequences lead to ... - Answer
behavior repetition
-we need to reinforce good behavior so it will be repeated
