(BIOD 331) 4.5: Disorders of Systemic Arterial Blood Flow | Questions with Correct Answers
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) The leading cause of death in men and women in the
United States, costing over $200 billion annually in health care services, medications, and lost
productivity.
Hyperlipidemia Defined as an excess of lipids in the blood, including triglycerides,
phospholipids, and cholesterol, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis and
increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Lipoproteins Particles that stabilize cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma, transporting
them to tissues for various purposes, classified into chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.
Chylomicrons The largest lipoproteins primarily carrying triglycerides, along with small
amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoprotein B.
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Considered 'bad cholesterol,' primarily carrying
cholesterol and removed from circulation by LDL receptors or monocytes/macrophages;
excessive levels can lead to atherosclerosis.
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Considered 'good cholesterol,' transporting cholesterol
from peripheral tissues back to the liver for excretion, showing an inverse relationship with
atherosclerosis development.
Primary Hypercholesterolemia Elevation of cholesterol levels independent of other
health problems, often caused by genetic defects such as in the LDL receptor, as seen in familial
hypercholesterolemia.
Secondary Hypercholesterolemia Elevation of cholesterol levels associated with health
problems like obesity, diabetes mellitus, high-calorie diets, and certain medications.
, NCEP Classification System A system defining optimal levels of blood lipids,
recommending regular lipoprotein profile measurements for adults, with specific ranges for
LDL, total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides.
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Include increasing physical activity, weight reduction,
smoking cessation, and dietary modifications such as reducing saturated fats, cholesterol, and
increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fish.
Hyperlipidemia Drugs Include statins, bile acid-binding resins, cholesterol absorption
inhibitors, niacin, and fibrates, used when lifestyle changes are insufficient; statins are the first-
line treatment for LDL reduction.
LDL receptors Increased by certain agents to remove cholesterol from blood
Bile acids Synthesized from cholesterol removed by the liver
Nicotinic acid Reduces VLDL, IDL, and LDL levels, increases HDL levels
Fibrates Decrease VLDL synthesis, increase triglyceride clearance
Atherosclerosis Hardening of arteries, forms fibrofatty lesions
Hypercholesterolemia Major risk factor for atherosclerosis
Hypertension Increases risk of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
Diabetes mellitus Increases risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) The leading cause of death in men and women in the
United States, costing over $200 billion annually in health care services, medications, and lost
productivity.
Hyperlipidemia Defined as an excess of lipids in the blood, including triglycerides,
phospholipids, and cholesterol, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis and
increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Lipoproteins Particles that stabilize cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma, transporting
them to tissues for various purposes, classified into chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.
Chylomicrons The largest lipoproteins primarily carrying triglycerides, along with small
amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoprotein B.
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Considered 'bad cholesterol,' primarily carrying
cholesterol and removed from circulation by LDL receptors or monocytes/macrophages;
excessive levels can lead to atherosclerosis.
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Considered 'good cholesterol,' transporting cholesterol
from peripheral tissues back to the liver for excretion, showing an inverse relationship with
atherosclerosis development.
Primary Hypercholesterolemia Elevation of cholesterol levels independent of other
health problems, often caused by genetic defects such as in the LDL receptor, as seen in familial
hypercholesterolemia.
Secondary Hypercholesterolemia Elevation of cholesterol levels associated with health
problems like obesity, diabetes mellitus, high-calorie diets, and certain medications.
, NCEP Classification System A system defining optimal levels of blood lipids,
recommending regular lipoprotein profile measurements for adults, with specific ranges for
LDL, total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides.
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Include increasing physical activity, weight reduction,
smoking cessation, and dietary modifications such as reducing saturated fats, cholesterol, and
increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fish.
Hyperlipidemia Drugs Include statins, bile acid-binding resins, cholesterol absorption
inhibitors, niacin, and fibrates, used when lifestyle changes are insufficient; statins are the first-
line treatment for LDL reduction.
LDL receptors Increased by certain agents to remove cholesterol from blood
Bile acids Synthesized from cholesterol removed by the liver
Nicotinic acid Reduces VLDL, IDL, and LDL levels, increases HDL levels
Fibrates Decrease VLDL synthesis, increase triglyceride clearance
Atherosclerosis Hardening of arteries, forms fibrofatty lesions
Hypercholesterolemia Major risk factor for atherosclerosis
Hypertension Increases risk of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
Diabetes mellitus Increases risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
