BIO 101 EXAM 3 WWU 2025 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
|FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RECENTLY TESTING REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS|VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (100% CORRECT)
Question 1
Why are amino acids considered an essential component of the human diet?
A) They are required for the primary synthesis of glucose in the mitochondria.
B) They act as the main storage form of genetic information in the nucleus.
C) They are essential for cell reproduction and building proteins.
D) They are the primary source of quick energy for muscle contraction.
E) They breakdown lactose directly in the stomach.
Correct Answer: C) They are essential for cell reproduction and building proteins
Rationale: The notes highlight that the importance of protein in our diet stems from the
fact that amino acids (the building blocks of protein) are essential for cell reproduction.
Without adequate amino acids, the body cannot synthesize the proteins required for
creating new cells or maintaining existing tissues.
Question 2
Where does Transcription, the first stage of protein synthesis, occur within the cell?
A) The Ribosome
B) The Nucleus
C) The Golgi Apparatus
D) The Endoplasmic Reticulum
E) The Cytoplasm
Correct Answer: B) The Nucleus
Rationale: Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into RNA. Since DNA resides
within the nucleus (in eukaryotic cells) and generally does not leave, this process must
occur inside the nucleus before the RNA transcript moves to the cytoplasm.
Question 3
During the process of Translation, which molecule is responsible for "bringing in" the correct
amino acids to the ribosome?
A) mRNA
B) DNA
C) rRNA
D) tRNA
E) RNA polymerase
Correct Answer: D) tRNA
Rationale: Transfer RNA (tRNA) acts as the bridge between the mRNA code and the amino
acids. It carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching its anticodon with the
mRNA codon to ensure the correct sequence in the polypeptide chain.
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Question 4
Which of the following best describes the "Central Dogma" of biology regarding protein
synthesis as described in your notes?
A) Protein
→
RNA
→
DNA
B) DNA
→
Protein
→
RNA
C) DNA
→
RNA
→
Protein
D) RNA
→
DNA
→
Protein
E) Amino Acids
→
DNA
→
Protein
Correct Answer: C) DNA
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→
RNA
→
Protein
Rationale: The notes describe the flow: Stage one is DNA copied into RNA (Transcription),
and Stage two is RNA utilized to bond amino acids into a polypeptide chain (Translation) to
form a protein.
Question 5
After a polypeptide chain is formed at the ribosome, where does it go next to be folded into a
functional protein?
A) The Nucleus
B) The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
C) The Lysosome
D) The Mitochondria
E) The Cell Membrane
Correct Answer: B) The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Rationale: According to the provided notes, after the amino acids bond to form a
polypeptide chain in the ribosome, the chain goes to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
(specifically the Rough E.R.) to be folded into its specific protein shape.
Question 6
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in the context of protein synthesis?
A) It synthesizes the mRNA from DNA templates.
B) It destroys incorrect proteins.
C) It acts as the site where tRNA binds to mRNA.
D) It flags and ships the folded proteins to their destination.
E) It creates the amino acids from glucose.
Correct Answer: D) It flags and ships the folded proteins to their destination
Rationale: The notes specify that after the protein is folded in the E.R., it is sent to the
Golgi Apparatus, which acts as the distribution center, flagging the proteins and shipping
them to where they are needed in the body.
Question 7
In the context of digesting lactose, what specifically must happen to the lactose molecule?
A) It must be combined with another sugar to form a protein.
B) It must be dehydrated to remove water from the cell.
C) It must be split from a disaccharide into monosaccharides.
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D) It must be transported to the nucleus for transcription.
E) It must undergo mutation to become digestible.
Correct Answer: C) It must be split from a disaccharide into monosaccharides
Rationale: Lactose is a disaccharide (a sugar composed of two units). For it to be digested
and absorbed by the small intestine, the enzyme lactase must split it into smaller, digestible
components (glucose and galactose).
Question 8
Which of the following correctly describes the genetics of Lactase Persistence (Lactose
Tolerance) after infancy?
A) Autosomal Recessive
B) Autosomal Dominant
C) Sex-linked Recessive
D) Sex-linked Dominant
E) Mitochondrial inheritance
Correct Answer: B) Autosomal Dominant
Rationale: The notes state that lactose tolerance past infanthood is an autosomal dominant
trait. This means an individual only needs to inherit the gene from one parent to express
the trait.
Question 9
An individual with Lactose Intolerance consumes a large milkshake. Which of the following best
explains the biological cause of their resulting diarrhea?
A) The lactose molecules are hypotonic, pushing water into the blood.
B) The lactose molecules are hypertonic, drawing water out of cells and into the intestine.
C) The stomach acid becomes too basic, preventing water absorption.
D) Bacteria in the gut consume the water to break down the lactose.
E) The Golgi apparatus rejects the milk proteins, causing inflammation.
Correct Answer: B) The lactose molecules are hypertonic, drawing water out of cells and
into the intestine
Rationale: Undigested lactose remains in the intestine. Because it is a solute, it creates a
hypertonic environment relative to the surrounding cells. Through osmosis, water is drawn
from the cells into the intestine to balance the concentration, leading to diarrhea.
Question 10
What creates the symptoms of gas, bloating, and cramping in lactose intolerant individuals?
A) The rapid expansion of the stomach due to milk volume.
B) An allergic reaction to the milk protein casein.
C) Bacteria in the intestine consuming the lactose and producing methane and lactic acid.
|FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS |RECENTLY TESTING REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS|VERIFIED SOLUTIONS (100% CORRECT)
Question 1
Why are amino acids considered an essential component of the human diet?
A) They are required for the primary synthesis of glucose in the mitochondria.
B) They act as the main storage form of genetic information in the nucleus.
C) They are essential for cell reproduction and building proteins.
D) They are the primary source of quick energy for muscle contraction.
E) They breakdown lactose directly in the stomach.
Correct Answer: C) They are essential for cell reproduction and building proteins
Rationale: The notes highlight that the importance of protein in our diet stems from the
fact that amino acids (the building blocks of protein) are essential for cell reproduction.
Without adequate amino acids, the body cannot synthesize the proteins required for
creating new cells or maintaining existing tissues.
Question 2
Where does Transcription, the first stage of protein synthesis, occur within the cell?
A) The Ribosome
B) The Nucleus
C) The Golgi Apparatus
D) The Endoplasmic Reticulum
E) The Cytoplasm
Correct Answer: B) The Nucleus
Rationale: Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into RNA. Since DNA resides
within the nucleus (in eukaryotic cells) and generally does not leave, this process must
occur inside the nucleus before the RNA transcript moves to the cytoplasm.
Question 3
During the process of Translation, which molecule is responsible for "bringing in" the correct
amino acids to the ribosome?
A) mRNA
B) DNA
C) rRNA
D) tRNA
E) RNA polymerase
Correct Answer: D) tRNA
Rationale: Transfer RNA (tRNA) acts as the bridge between the mRNA code and the amino
acids. It carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching its anticodon with the
mRNA codon to ensure the correct sequence in the polypeptide chain.
,[Type here]
Question 4
Which of the following best describes the "Central Dogma" of biology regarding protein
synthesis as described in your notes?
A) Protein
→
RNA
→
DNA
B) DNA
→
Protein
→
RNA
C) DNA
→
RNA
→
Protein
D) RNA
→
DNA
→
Protein
E) Amino Acids
→
DNA
→
Protein
Correct Answer: C) DNA
,[Type here]
→
RNA
→
Protein
Rationale: The notes describe the flow: Stage one is DNA copied into RNA (Transcription),
and Stage two is RNA utilized to bond amino acids into a polypeptide chain (Translation) to
form a protein.
Question 5
After a polypeptide chain is formed at the ribosome, where does it go next to be folded into a
functional protein?
A) The Nucleus
B) The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
C) The Lysosome
D) The Mitochondria
E) The Cell Membrane
Correct Answer: B) The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Rationale: According to the provided notes, after the amino acids bond to form a
polypeptide chain in the ribosome, the chain goes to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
(specifically the Rough E.R.) to be folded into its specific protein shape.
Question 6
What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in the context of protein synthesis?
A) It synthesizes the mRNA from DNA templates.
B) It destroys incorrect proteins.
C) It acts as the site where tRNA binds to mRNA.
D) It flags and ships the folded proteins to their destination.
E) It creates the amino acids from glucose.
Correct Answer: D) It flags and ships the folded proteins to their destination
Rationale: The notes specify that after the protein is folded in the E.R., it is sent to the
Golgi Apparatus, which acts as the distribution center, flagging the proteins and shipping
them to where they are needed in the body.
Question 7
In the context of digesting lactose, what specifically must happen to the lactose molecule?
A) It must be combined with another sugar to form a protein.
B) It must be dehydrated to remove water from the cell.
C) It must be split from a disaccharide into monosaccharides.
, [Type here]
D) It must be transported to the nucleus for transcription.
E) It must undergo mutation to become digestible.
Correct Answer: C) It must be split from a disaccharide into monosaccharides
Rationale: Lactose is a disaccharide (a sugar composed of two units). For it to be digested
and absorbed by the small intestine, the enzyme lactase must split it into smaller, digestible
components (glucose and galactose).
Question 8
Which of the following correctly describes the genetics of Lactase Persistence (Lactose
Tolerance) after infancy?
A) Autosomal Recessive
B) Autosomal Dominant
C) Sex-linked Recessive
D) Sex-linked Dominant
E) Mitochondrial inheritance
Correct Answer: B) Autosomal Dominant
Rationale: The notes state that lactose tolerance past infanthood is an autosomal dominant
trait. This means an individual only needs to inherit the gene from one parent to express
the trait.
Question 9
An individual with Lactose Intolerance consumes a large milkshake. Which of the following best
explains the biological cause of their resulting diarrhea?
A) The lactose molecules are hypotonic, pushing water into the blood.
B) The lactose molecules are hypertonic, drawing water out of cells and into the intestine.
C) The stomach acid becomes too basic, preventing water absorption.
D) Bacteria in the gut consume the water to break down the lactose.
E) The Golgi apparatus rejects the milk proteins, causing inflammation.
Correct Answer: B) The lactose molecules are hypertonic, drawing water out of cells and
into the intestine
Rationale: Undigested lactose remains in the intestine. Because it is a solute, it creates a
hypertonic environment relative to the surrounding cells. Through osmosis, water is drawn
from the cells into the intestine to balance the concentration, leading to diarrhea.
Question 10
What creates the symptoms of gas, bloating, and cramping in lactose intolerant individuals?
A) The rapid expansion of the stomach due to milk volume.
B) An allergic reaction to the milk protein casein.
C) Bacteria in the intestine consuming the lactose and producing methane and lactic acid.
