GTC MICROBIOLOGY CORE EXAMS MANUAL UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔less than 1/1,000,000 - ✔✔average mutation rate
✔✔genetic recombination - ✔✔transferring the genetic information among bacteria
✔✔transformation - ✔✔when DNA is taken up from the environment
✔✔transduction - ✔✔transfer of genetic material by a bacteriophage
✔✔lysis - ✔✔the cell is destroyed when the virus replicates
✔✔lysogeny - ✔✔the viral DNA is incorporated (and dormant) into the bacterial
chromosome
✔✔general transduction - ✔✔During lysis, part of the bacterial DNA is taken up by the
newly made viruses and taken to another bacterial cell. Called "general" because it
could be any part of the bacterial chromosome.
✔✔specialized transduction - ✔✔due to lysogeny; When the virus becomes active, part
of the bacterial DNA (specifically the part of the bacterial DNA adjacent to the
incorporated viral DNA) becomes part of the virus that will take it to another bacterial
cell. Typically this is always the same part of the DNA
✔✔scarlet fever, diphtheria - ✔✔specialized transduction is involved in the effects of:
✔✔f plasmid - ✔✔fertility factor
✔✔transposons - ✔✔segment of DNA that move themselves from one location in a
DNA molecule to another location in the same or different molecule
✔✔Linneaus - ✔✔developed the system of binomial nomenclature
✔✔strains - ✔✔genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism; population of cells arose
from one single species
✔✔family - ✔✔genera are grouped together to form
✔✔classes - ✔✔orders are grouped together to form
✔✔Bergey's Manual of Determinitive Bacteriology - ✔✔used to identify prokaryotes
using RNA sequencing and characteristics
, ✔✔PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - ✔✔making replicas of DNA piece
✔✔(G+C/A+T+C+G) x 100 - ✔✔Guanine/Cytosine ratio expression
✔✔phage typing - ✔✔identifying specific phage able to infect or kill bacteria; used to
trace source of outbreaks and infections
✔✔ELISA - ✔✔detects antibodies; can be used to detect HIV
✔✔proteobacteria - ✔✔bacteria with many shapes
✔✔Proteus, E. coli, Serratia - ✔✔examples of nosocomial infections:
✔✔yes - ✔✔Are bacteria and viruses parasites?
✔✔permanent parasite - ✔✔once invaded, stays in place; ex: tapeworm
✔✔temporary parasite - ✔✔invade and leave; ex: mosquito
✔✔vector - ✔✔insects which transmit another parasite
✔✔Rickettsia, Borrelia, Yersinia - ✔✔Which bacteria are transmitted by vectors?
✔✔general characteristics of Protozoa - ✔✔eukaryotic, unicellular, chemoheterotrophic,
asexual reproduction
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔budding, binary fission, conjugation
✔✔schizogony - ✔✔the nucleus divides several times before the cytoplasm
✔✔cyst - ✔✔the resting stage of a trophozoite; has a thick capsule with a low metabolic
rate
✔✔throphozoite - ✔✔active stage of protozoa of protozoa
✔✔methods of movement of protozoa - ✔✔flagella, amoeboid, immobile, cilia
✔✔characteristics of fungi - ✔✔eukaryotic, heterotrophic, sexual and asexual
reproduction, have cell walls made of chitin
✔✔chitin - ✔✔makes up fungal cell walls; a strong, flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide
✔✔molds - ✔✔multicellular fungi
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔less than 1/1,000,000 - ✔✔average mutation rate
✔✔genetic recombination - ✔✔transferring the genetic information among bacteria
✔✔transformation - ✔✔when DNA is taken up from the environment
✔✔transduction - ✔✔transfer of genetic material by a bacteriophage
✔✔lysis - ✔✔the cell is destroyed when the virus replicates
✔✔lysogeny - ✔✔the viral DNA is incorporated (and dormant) into the bacterial
chromosome
✔✔general transduction - ✔✔During lysis, part of the bacterial DNA is taken up by the
newly made viruses and taken to another bacterial cell. Called "general" because it
could be any part of the bacterial chromosome.
✔✔specialized transduction - ✔✔due to lysogeny; When the virus becomes active, part
of the bacterial DNA (specifically the part of the bacterial DNA adjacent to the
incorporated viral DNA) becomes part of the virus that will take it to another bacterial
cell. Typically this is always the same part of the DNA
✔✔scarlet fever, diphtheria - ✔✔specialized transduction is involved in the effects of:
✔✔f plasmid - ✔✔fertility factor
✔✔transposons - ✔✔segment of DNA that move themselves from one location in a
DNA molecule to another location in the same or different molecule
✔✔Linneaus - ✔✔developed the system of binomial nomenclature
✔✔strains - ✔✔genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism; population of cells arose
from one single species
✔✔family - ✔✔genera are grouped together to form
✔✔classes - ✔✔orders are grouped together to form
✔✔Bergey's Manual of Determinitive Bacteriology - ✔✔used to identify prokaryotes
using RNA sequencing and characteristics
, ✔✔PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - ✔✔making replicas of DNA piece
✔✔(G+C/A+T+C+G) x 100 - ✔✔Guanine/Cytosine ratio expression
✔✔phage typing - ✔✔identifying specific phage able to infect or kill bacteria; used to
trace source of outbreaks and infections
✔✔ELISA - ✔✔detects antibodies; can be used to detect HIV
✔✔proteobacteria - ✔✔bacteria with many shapes
✔✔Proteus, E. coli, Serratia - ✔✔examples of nosocomial infections:
✔✔yes - ✔✔Are bacteria and viruses parasites?
✔✔permanent parasite - ✔✔once invaded, stays in place; ex: tapeworm
✔✔temporary parasite - ✔✔invade and leave; ex: mosquito
✔✔vector - ✔✔insects which transmit another parasite
✔✔Rickettsia, Borrelia, Yersinia - ✔✔Which bacteria are transmitted by vectors?
✔✔general characteristics of Protozoa - ✔✔eukaryotic, unicellular, chemoheterotrophic,
asexual reproduction
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔budding, binary fission, conjugation
✔✔schizogony - ✔✔the nucleus divides several times before the cytoplasm
✔✔cyst - ✔✔the resting stage of a trophozoite; has a thick capsule with a low metabolic
rate
✔✔throphozoite - ✔✔active stage of protozoa of protozoa
✔✔methods of movement of protozoa - ✔✔flagella, amoeboid, immobile, cilia
✔✔characteristics of fungi - ✔✔eukaryotic, heterotrophic, sexual and asexual
reproduction, have cell walls made of chitin
✔✔chitin - ✔✔makes up fungal cell walls; a strong, flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide
✔✔molds - ✔✔multicellular fungi
