ESTUDYR
HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025 MULTICHOICE ANSWERED
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
What is abruptio placentae?
A. Implantation of placenta in the lower uterine segment
B. Infection of the placental membranes
C. Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to or during birth
D. Placenta that fails to form
Rationale: Abruptio placentae = premature placental separation causing bleeding and fetal/maternal
risk.
Acetylcholine primarily functions as a neurotransmitter of which system?
A. Sympathetic nervous system
B. Parasympathetic nervous system
C. Somatic motor only
D. Central dopamine system
Rationale: ACh is the chief parasympathetic neurotransmitter (also neuromuscular junction).
Achlorhydria indicates absence of which gastric component?
A. Pepsin
B. Mucus
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Bile
Rationale: Achlorhydria = absent hydrochloric acid in stomach.
Achondroplasia is best described as:
A. An X-linked blood disorder
B. A metabolic bone disease from vitamin D deficiency
C. An autosomal dominant defect in cartilage formation leading to dwarfism
D. Infectious arthritis in infancy
Rationale: Achondroplasia = AD disorder affecting endochondral ossification → short-limbed dwarfism.
Acidosis means:
A. High blood bicarbonate
B. Elevated pH (>7.45)
C. Excess acid production lowering the body’s pH
D. Increased base excess only
Rationale: Acidosis = pH <7.35 due to excess H+ or loss of bicarbonate.
Acne rosacea typically presents with:
A. Deep cystic acne on the back
B. Tiny papules and telangiectasias on cheeks, chin, nose
, ESTUDYR
C. Vesicular rash along a dermatome
D. Pustules underarms only
Rationale: Rosacea causes facial flushing, papules, and visible small vessels.
AIDS is caused by:
A. Hepatitis virus
B. Epstein-Barr virus
C. HIV infection leading to progressive immune failure
D. Bacterial sepsis
Rationale: AIDS = end stage of HIV infection with severe immunosuppression.
Acromegaly develops from excess of which hormone after puberty?
A. Thyroxine
B. Cortisol
C. Growth hormone
D. Prolactin
Rationale: Excess GH after epiphyseal closure causes acromegaly (soft tissue & bone overgrowth).
Actinic keratosis is best described as:
A. Benign melanoma
B. Sun-induced precancerous keratotic lesion
C. Viral wart on palms
D. Autoimmune blistering
Rationale: Actinic keratoses are rough scaly spots from UV exposure; may progress to SCC.
Active immunity typically refers to immunity acquired by:
A. Receiving pooled antibodies only
B. Exposure to antigen via vaccine or infection producing host antibodies
C. Passive transfer across placenta only
D. Topical antiseptic use
Rationale: Active immunity = host generates antibodies after antigen exposure (vaccine/infection).
ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) is characterized by:
A. Slow onset dyspnea over years
B. Chronic airway hyperreactivity only
C. Sudden severe hypoxemia and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema after insult
D. Isolated pleural effusion
Rationale: ARDS = acute diffuse lung injury with increased alveolar permeability and refractory
hypoxemia.
Affect in psychiatric terms means:
A. Physical pain level
B. Observed emotional expression or mood tone
C. Level of consciousness
HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025 MULTICHOICE ANSWERED
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
What is abruptio placentae?
A. Implantation of placenta in the lower uterine segment
B. Infection of the placental membranes
C. Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to or during birth
D. Placenta that fails to form
Rationale: Abruptio placentae = premature placental separation causing bleeding and fetal/maternal
risk.
Acetylcholine primarily functions as a neurotransmitter of which system?
A. Sympathetic nervous system
B. Parasympathetic nervous system
C. Somatic motor only
D. Central dopamine system
Rationale: ACh is the chief parasympathetic neurotransmitter (also neuromuscular junction).
Achlorhydria indicates absence of which gastric component?
A. Pepsin
B. Mucus
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Bile
Rationale: Achlorhydria = absent hydrochloric acid in stomach.
Achondroplasia is best described as:
A. An X-linked blood disorder
B. A metabolic bone disease from vitamin D deficiency
C. An autosomal dominant defect in cartilage formation leading to dwarfism
D. Infectious arthritis in infancy
Rationale: Achondroplasia = AD disorder affecting endochondral ossification → short-limbed dwarfism.
Acidosis means:
A. High blood bicarbonate
B. Elevated pH (>7.45)
C. Excess acid production lowering the body’s pH
D. Increased base excess only
Rationale: Acidosis = pH <7.35 due to excess H+ or loss of bicarbonate.
Acne rosacea typically presents with:
A. Deep cystic acne on the back
B. Tiny papules and telangiectasias on cheeks, chin, nose
, ESTUDYR
C. Vesicular rash along a dermatome
D. Pustules underarms only
Rationale: Rosacea causes facial flushing, papules, and visible small vessels.
AIDS is caused by:
A. Hepatitis virus
B. Epstein-Barr virus
C. HIV infection leading to progressive immune failure
D. Bacterial sepsis
Rationale: AIDS = end stage of HIV infection with severe immunosuppression.
Acromegaly develops from excess of which hormone after puberty?
A. Thyroxine
B. Cortisol
C. Growth hormone
D. Prolactin
Rationale: Excess GH after epiphyseal closure causes acromegaly (soft tissue & bone overgrowth).
Actinic keratosis is best described as:
A. Benign melanoma
B. Sun-induced precancerous keratotic lesion
C. Viral wart on palms
D. Autoimmune blistering
Rationale: Actinic keratoses are rough scaly spots from UV exposure; may progress to SCC.
Active immunity typically refers to immunity acquired by:
A. Receiving pooled antibodies only
B. Exposure to antigen via vaccine or infection producing host antibodies
C. Passive transfer across placenta only
D. Topical antiseptic use
Rationale: Active immunity = host generates antibodies after antigen exposure (vaccine/infection).
ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) is characterized by:
A. Slow onset dyspnea over years
B. Chronic airway hyperreactivity only
C. Sudden severe hypoxemia and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema after insult
D. Isolated pleural effusion
Rationale: ARDS = acute diffuse lung injury with increased alveolar permeability and refractory
hypoxemia.
Affect in psychiatric terms means:
A. Physical pain level
B. Observed emotional expression or mood tone
C. Level of consciousness
