NCM 116 EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
1. Upper GI Tract
2. Small intestine
3. Lower GI Tract - ANS 3 Sections of GIT
Accessory structures - ANS peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Digestion and distribution of food - ANS Primary function of GI System
Mouth - ANS Food is masticated before swallowed
Esophagus - ANS Found in the base of pharynx - opening to the stomach
Striated muscle tissue - ANS Proximal esophagus is made up of...
Striated and smooth muscle - ANS Mid-esophagus is made up of...
Smooth muscle - ANS Lower esophagus is made up of...
Coordinated muscle movement - ANS Propels food (peristalsis)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Upper Esophageal Sphincter (hypopharyngeal) - ANS Prevents food or fluids from re-entering
the pharynx
Stomach - ANS Holds ingested food (temporary) and prepares it by mechanical and chemical
action.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) - ANS Also called cardiac sphincter. It is the opening
between esophagus and stomach.
Pyloric Sphincter - ANS Opening between stomach and duodenum sphincters
Contracted - ANS Keep stomach contents confined
Relaxed - ANS Contents flow to duodenum
Contractions - ANS Mix food with the gastric secretions and move (peristalsis) mixture of
semi-liquid food (chyme) to the small intestine
Amount and composition of food. - ANS Time required for the stomach to empty depends on
the __________ and __________.
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum - ANS 3 portions of the small intestine
Duodenum - ANS (approx. 10") - bile and pancreatic enzymes enter; chyme to alkaline.
Jejunum and Ileum - ANS (approximately 23 ft.) • Primary function - absorb nutrients from
chyme.
Ileocecal valve - ANS small intestine's distal end - Regulates flow of intestinal contents
(liquid) into the large intestine - Prevents the reflux of bacteria from the large intestine.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Large intestine - ANS approx.. 4 - 5 ft. long; 2" diameter - Receives waste from small
intestine; propels toward anus - Absorbs water, some electrolytes, and bile acids
Cecum - ANS pouchlike structure (beginning of large intestine)
Appendix - ANS narrow blind tube at the tip of the cecum
Colon - ANS Unabsorbed material becomes fecal matter - Water is reabsorbed (diffusion)
across intestinal membrane
Rectum - ANS holds and retains fecal matter
Older adult - ANS May have less control of the rectal sphincter because of age-related
changes in innervation, diminished awareness of the filling reflex, and decreased muscle tone
Removal of large intestine - ANS Result to passage of loose stools and potential fluid and
electrolyte imbalance.
Bile salts - ANS Liquid stool contains...
Peritoneum - ANS a membrane that lines the inner abdomen, encloses the viscera and the
serous fluid that it secretes - Allows abdominal organs frictionless movement
Peritonitis - ANS severe inflammation and infection of the peritoneum
Liver - ANS Largest glandular organ in the body; RUQ, just under the diaphragm - Involved in
many vital, complex metabolic activities - Forms and releases bile; processes vitamins, proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates; stores glycogen; contributes to blood coagulation; metabolizes and
biotransforms many chemicals (including drugs), bacteria, and foreign matter; and forms
antibodies and immunizing substances (gamma globulin)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
1. Upper GI Tract
2. Small intestine
3. Lower GI Tract - ANS 3 Sections of GIT
Accessory structures - ANS peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Digestion and distribution of food - ANS Primary function of GI System
Mouth - ANS Food is masticated before swallowed
Esophagus - ANS Found in the base of pharynx - opening to the stomach
Striated muscle tissue - ANS Proximal esophagus is made up of...
Striated and smooth muscle - ANS Mid-esophagus is made up of...
Smooth muscle - ANS Lower esophagus is made up of...
Coordinated muscle movement - ANS Propels food (peristalsis)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Upper Esophageal Sphincter (hypopharyngeal) - ANS Prevents food or fluids from re-entering
the pharynx
Stomach - ANS Holds ingested food (temporary) and prepares it by mechanical and chemical
action.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) - ANS Also called cardiac sphincter. It is the opening
between esophagus and stomach.
Pyloric Sphincter - ANS Opening between stomach and duodenum sphincters
Contracted - ANS Keep stomach contents confined
Relaxed - ANS Contents flow to duodenum
Contractions - ANS Mix food with the gastric secretions and move (peristalsis) mixture of
semi-liquid food (chyme) to the small intestine
Amount and composition of food. - ANS Time required for the stomach to empty depends on
the __________ and __________.
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum - ANS 3 portions of the small intestine
Duodenum - ANS (approx. 10") - bile and pancreatic enzymes enter; chyme to alkaline.
Jejunum and Ileum - ANS (approximately 23 ft.) • Primary function - absorb nutrients from
chyme.
Ileocecal valve - ANS small intestine's distal end - Regulates flow of intestinal contents
(liquid) into the large intestine - Prevents the reflux of bacteria from the large intestine.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Large intestine - ANS approx.. 4 - 5 ft. long; 2" diameter - Receives waste from small
intestine; propels toward anus - Absorbs water, some electrolytes, and bile acids
Cecum - ANS pouchlike structure (beginning of large intestine)
Appendix - ANS narrow blind tube at the tip of the cecum
Colon - ANS Unabsorbed material becomes fecal matter - Water is reabsorbed (diffusion)
across intestinal membrane
Rectum - ANS holds and retains fecal matter
Older adult - ANS May have less control of the rectal sphincter because of age-related
changes in innervation, diminished awareness of the filling reflex, and decreased muscle tone
Removal of large intestine - ANS Result to passage of loose stools and potential fluid and
electrolyte imbalance.
Bile salts - ANS Liquid stool contains...
Peritoneum - ANS a membrane that lines the inner abdomen, encloses the viscera and the
serous fluid that it secretes - Allows abdominal organs frictionless movement
Peritonitis - ANS severe inflammation and infection of the peritoneum
Liver - ANS Largest glandular organ in the body; RUQ, just under the diaphragm - Involved in
many vital, complex metabolic activities - Forms and releases bile; processes vitamins, proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates; stores glycogen; contributes to blood coagulation; metabolizes and
biotransforms many chemicals (including drugs), bacteria, and foreign matter; and forms
antibodies and immunizing substances (gamma globulin)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
