PN 4003 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 KEY
TERMS/ PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Bronchoscopy
Direct visualization of airways.
Thoracentesis
Collection of pleural fluid for diagnostic purposes.
Upper Respiratory Infections
Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Tonsillitis, Laryngitis: Inflammation of the upper respiratory
tract.
Epistaxis
Can result from dry air, trauma, or infections.
Pneumonia
,Infection of the lung tissue, leading to consolidation and impaired gas exchange.
Treatment for Pneumonia
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, e.g., piperacillin/tazobactam.
Tuberculosis
Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Treatment for Tuberculosis
Long-term antibiotics like rifampin.
Pleurisy
Inflammation of pleura, causing sharp chest pain.
Pleural Effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, impairing lung function.
Atelectasis
Collapsed alveoli, often due to immobility or post-surgical states.
,Prevention of Atelectasis
Encourage deep breathing, coughing, and use of incentive spirometry.
Pulmonary Embolism
Obstruction of pulmonary artery, often from deep vein thrombosis.
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid shift from the bloodstream to alveoli, often due to heart failure.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Diffuse alveolar damage, typically following trauma or infection.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Disorders Included: Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma.
Asthma
Intermittent airway obstruction due to inflammation.
, Emphysema
Destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced gas exchange.
Pneumothorax and Hemothorax
Collapsed lung (pneumothorax) or blood in pleural cavity (hemothorax).
Signs of Respiratory Distress
Cyanosis, use of accessory muscles, anxiety.
Nursing Interventions in Acute Respiratory Failure
Deep breathing and coughing exercises.
Age-related Changes in Respiratory Function
Decreased lung elasticity, risk for pneumonia, and impaired gas exchange.
Sleep Apnea
Types: Obstructive, central, and mixed sleep apnea.
TERMS/ PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Bronchoscopy
Direct visualization of airways.
Thoracentesis
Collection of pleural fluid for diagnostic purposes.
Upper Respiratory Infections
Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Tonsillitis, Laryngitis: Inflammation of the upper respiratory
tract.
Epistaxis
Can result from dry air, trauma, or infections.
Pneumonia
,Infection of the lung tissue, leading to consolidation and impaired gas exchange.
Treatment for Pneumonia
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, e.g., piperacillin/tazobactam.
Tuberculosis
Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Treatment for Tuberculosis
Long-term antibiotics like rifampin.
Pleurisy
Inflammation of pleura, causing sharp chest pain.
Pleural Effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, impairing lung function.
Atelectasis
Collapsed alveoli, often due to immobility or post-surgical states.
,Prevention of Atelectasis
Encourage deep breathing, coughing, and use of incentive spirometry.
Pulmonary Embolism
Obstruction of pulmonary artery, often from deep vein thrombosis.
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid shift from the bloodstream to alveoli, often due to heart failure.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Diffuse alveolar damage, typically following trauma or infection.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Disorders Included: Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma.
Asthma
Intermittent airway obstruction due to inflammation.
, Emphysema
Destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced gas exchange.
Pneumothorax and Hemothorax
Collapsed lung (pneumothorax) or blood in pleural cavity (hemothorax).
Signs of Respiratory Distress
Cyanosis, use of accessory muscles, anxiety.
Nursing Interventions in Acute Respiratory Failure
Deep breathing and coughing exercises.
Age-related Changes in Respiratory Function
Decreased lung elasticity, risk for pneumonia, and impaired gas exchange.
Sleep Apnea
Types: Obstructive, central, and mixed sleep apnea.
