Midterml Exam:l NRl 571/l NR571l (Latestl
2026/l 2027l Update)l Complexl Diagnosisl &l
Managementl inl Acutel Carel Practicuml
Guide|l Q/Al |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Answers)l -Chamberlain
Q:l Lowl FEV1/FVCl ratiol indicates
Answer:
obstructivel lungl disease
Classificationl ofl Pulmonaryl Disordersl Basedl Onl PFT
Restrictivel Lungl Disease
Restrictivel lungl diseasel isl diagnosedl byl al decreasel inl thel totall volumel ofl airl thatl thel
lungsl canl hold.l Itl oftenl resultsl froml al decreasel inl thel elasticityl ofl thel lungsl orl mayl
bel relatedl tol thel inabilityl ofl thel chestl walll tol expandl duringl inhalation.l Conditionsl thatl
arel associatedl withl restrictivel lungl functionl include:
l interstitiall lungl diseasel suchl asl idiopathicl pulmonaryl fibrosis
l sarcoidosis
l obesity,l includingl obesityl hypoventilationl syndrome
l scoliosis
l neuromuscularl diseasesl suchl asl muscularl dystrophyl orl amateurl amyotrophicl laterall
sclerosisl (ALS)
Obstructivel Lungl Disease
Obstructivel lungl diseasesl arel conditionsl thatl impedel exhaledl airl froml thel lungsl duel tol
thel narrowingl ofl thel airwaysl orl actuall damagel tol thel lungl parenchyma.l Conditionsl
associatedl withl obstructivel lungl functionl include:
l asthma
,l chronicl obstructivel pulmonaryl diseasel (COPD)
l cysticl fibrosis
l bronchiectasis
Diagnosticl Approach
Thel provider'sl abilityl tol accuratelyl interpretl PFTsl doesl improvel withl experiencel butl isl
bestl performedl whenl al systematicl approachl isl used.
Al systematicl approachl isl helpfull tol accuratelyl interpretl PFTsl andl includesl thel followingl
steps:
l Determinel ifl thel FEV1/FVCl ratiol isl low.l Thisl findingl willl indicatel thatl therel isl anl
obstructivel defectl present.
l Determinel ifl thel FVCl isl low.l Thisl findingl willl indicatel al restrictivel patternl indicatingl
restrictivel lungl disease,l al mixedl pattern,l orl purel obstructivel lungl diseasel withl airl
trapping.
l Gradel thel severityl ofl thel abnormality.l Ifl therel isl anl obstructivel defect,l restrictivel
pattern,l orl mixl pattern,l youl shouldl gradel thel severityl ofl thel abnormalityl basedl onl thel
FEV1l percentagel predictedl basedl onl thel Americanl Thoracicl Society'sl (ATS)l systeml for
Q:l Lowl FEV1/FVCl ratiol indicates
Answer:
obstructivel lungl disease
Q:l Lowl FVCl indicates
Answer:
restrictivel pulmonaryl disease,l al mixedl pattern,l orl purel obstructivel lungl diseasel withl airl
trapping
Q:l Americanl thoracicl society'sl (ATS)l systeml forl gradingl PFTl abnormalities
Answer:
,Ifl therel isl anl obstructivel defect,l restrictivel pattern,l orl mixedl pattern,l youl shouldl gradel
thel severityl ofl thel abnormalityl basedl onl thel FEV1l %l predictedl basedl onl ATS'sl system
Q:l Determinel thel reversibilityl ofl obstructivel defectl by
Answer:
Thel increasel inl FEV1l orl FVCl afterl bronchodilatorl treatment.
Ifl FEVl orl FEV1l increasesl byl 12%,l obstructivel patternl isl reversible.
Q:l PFTsl pre-procedure
Answer:
Ifl thel patientl hasl underlyingl chronicl respiratoryl disorders,l suchl asl COPDl orl moderatel
tol severel asthma
Purposel tol evaluatel thel needl additionall respiratoryl supportl orl designl treatmentl planl forl
patientl whol mayl needl mechanicall ventilation.
Q:l Obstructivel PFTs
Answer:
Characterizedl byl lowl FEV1/FVCl ratio.l <70%
Q:l Restrictivel PFTs
Answer:
Reducedl FEV1l andl FVCl withl preservedl FEV1/FVCl ratio
Q:l Bronchoprovocationl testing
Answer:
Usedl whenl exercisel orl allergenl inducedl asthmal mayl bel causingl thel abnormality.l Ifl
FEV1l <70%l predictedl onl Spirometry,l thisl testl usesl methacholinel orl mannitoll inhalationl
challengel tol confirm.
, Q:l GOLDl gradingl system
Answer:
Usedl tol assessl severityl ofl COPDl (thel diseasel notl thel exacerbation)
Global-initiativel Obstructivel Lungl Diseasel (GOLD)
Basedl onl symptoms,l numberl ofl exacerbations,l COPD-relatedl hospitalizations,l andl
Spirometryl results
Q:l COPDl diagnosis
Answer:
FEV1/FVCl ratiol <l 0.7l orl 70%l onl Spirometry
Q:l COPDl treatment
Answer:
Longl actingl B2l agonistl (LABA),l long,l acting,l antimuscarinicl agentl (LAMA),l inhaledl
corticosteroidsl (ICS),l systemicl corticosteroids,l antibioticsl whenl signsl ofl bacteriall
infectionl exist.l Shortl actingl betal agonistsl (SABA)l withl orl withoutl shortl actingl
anticholinergics.
Q:l Mildl tol moderatel asthma
Answer:
Talksl andl phrases,l prefersl tol sitl ratherl thanl lyingl down,l notl agitated,l nol accessoryl
musclel use,l heartl ratel 100l tol 120,l O2l saturationl 90l tol 95%l onl rooml air.l >l 50%l ofl
predictedl orl personall best
Q:l Severel asthma
Answer:
2026/l 2027l Update)l Complexl Diagnosisl &l
Managementl inl Acutel Carel Practicuml
Guide|l Q/Al |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Answers)l -Chamberlain
Q:l Lowl FEV1/FVCl ratiol indicates
Answer:
obstructivel lungl disease
Classificationl ofl Pulmonaryl Disordersl Basedl Onl PFT
Restrictivel Lungl Disease
Restrictivel lungl diseasel isl diagnosedl byl al decreasel inl thel totall volumel ofl airl thatl thel
lungsl canl hold.l Itl oftenl resultsl froml al decreasel inl thel elasticityl ofl thel lungsl orl mayl
bel relatedl tol thel inabilityl ofl thel chestl walll tol expandl duringl inhalation.l Conditionsl thatl
arel associatedl withl restrictivel lungl functionl include:
l interstitiall lungl diseasel suchl asl idiopathicl pulmonaryl fibrosis
l sarcoidosis
l obesity,l includingl obesityl hypoventilationl syndrome
l scoliosis
l neuromuscularl diseasesl suchl asl muscularl dystrophyl orl amateurl amyotrophicl laterall
sclerosisl (ALS)
Obstructivel Lungl Disease
Obstructivel lungl diseasesl arel conditionsl thatl impedel exhaledl airl froml thel lungsl duel tol
thel narrowingl ofl thel airwaysl orl actuall damagel tol thel lungl parenchyma.l Conditionsl
associatedl withl obstructivel lungl functionl include:
l asthma
,l chronicl obstructivel pulmonaryl diseasel (COPD)
l cysticl fibrosis
l bronchiectasis
Diagnosticl Approach
Thel provider'sl abilityl tol accuratelyl interpretl PFTsl doesl improvel withl experiencel butl isl
bestl performedl whenl al systematicl approachl isl used.
Al systematicl approachl isl helpfull tol accuratelyl interpretl PFTsl andl includesl thel followingl
steps:
l Determinel ifl thel FEV1/FVCl ratiol isl low.l Thisl findingl willl indicatel thatl therel isl anl
obstructivel defectl present.
l Determinel ifl thel FVCl isl low.l Thisl findingl willl indicatel al restrictivel patternl indicatingl
restrictivel lungl disease,l al mixedl pattern,l orl purel obstructivel lungl diseasel withl airl
trapping.
l Gradel thel severityl ofl thel abnormality.l Ifl therel isl anl obstructivel defect,l restrictivel
pattern,l orl mixl pattern,l youl shouldl gradel thel severityl ofl thel abnormalityl basedl onl thel
FEV1l percentagel predictedl basedl onl thel Americanl Thoracicl Society'sl (ATS)l systeml for
Q:l Lowl FEV1/FVCl ratiol indicates
Answer:
obstructivel lungl disease
Q:l Lowl FVCl indicates
Answer:
restrictivel pulmonaryl disease,l al mixedl pattern,l orl purel obstructivel lungl diseasel withl airl
trapping
Q:l Americanl thoracicl society'sl (ATS)l systeml forl gradingl PFTl abnormalities
Answer:
,Ifl therel isl anl obstructivel defect,l restrictivel pattern,l orl mixedl pattern,l youl shouldl gradel
thel severityl ofl thel abnormalityl basedl onl thel FEV1l %l predictedl basedl onl ATS'sl system
Q:l Determinel thel reversibilityl ofl obstructivel defectl by
Answer:
Thel increasel inl FEV1l orl FVCl afterl bronchodilatorl treatment.
Ifl FEVl orl FEV1l increasesl byl 12%,l obstructivel patternl isl reversible.
Q:l PFTsl pre-procedure
Answer:
Ifl thel patientl hasl underlyingl chronicl respiratoryl disorders,l suchl asl COPDl orl moderatel
tol severel asthma
Purposel tol evaluatel thel needl additionall respiratoryl supportl orl designl treatmentl planl forl
patientl whol mayl needl mechanicall ventilation.
Q:l Obstructivel PFTs
Answer:
Characterizedl byl lowl FEV1/FVCl ratio.l <70%
Q:l Restrictivel PFTs
Answer:
Reducedl FEV1l andl FVCl withl preservedl FEV1/FVCl ratio
Q:l Bronchoprovocationl testing
Answer:
Usedl whenl exercisel orl allergenl inducedl asthmal mayl bel causingl thel abnormality.l Ifl
FEV1l <70%l predictedl onl Spirometry,l thisl testl usesl methacholinel orl mannitoll inhalationl
challengel tol confirm.
, Q:l GOLDl gradingl system
Answer:
Usedl tol assessl severityl ofl COPDl (thel diseasel notl thel exacerbation)
Global-initiativel Obstructivel Lungl Diseasel (GOLD)
Basedl onl symptoms,l numberl ofl exacerbations,l COPD-relatedl hospitalizations,l andl
Spirometryl results
Q:l COPDl diagnosis
Answer:
FEV1/FVCl ratiol <l 0.7l orl 70%l onl Spirometry
Q:l COPDl treatment
Answer:
Longl actingl B2l agonistl (LABA),l long,l acting,l antimuscarinicl agentl (LAMA),l inhaledl
corticosteroidsl (ICS),l systemicl corticosteroids,l antibioticsl whenl signsl ofl bacteriall
infectionl exist.l Shortl actingl betal agonistsl (SABA)l withl orl withoutl shortl actingl
anticholinergics.
Q:l Mildl tol moderatel asthma
Answer:
Talksl andl phrases,l prefersl tol sitl ratherl thanl lyingl down,l notl agitated,l nol accessoryl
musclel use,l heartl ratel 100l tol 120,l O2l saturationl 90l tol 95%l onl rooml air.l >l 50%l ofl
predictedl orl personall best
Q:l Severel asthma
Answer:
