8.1
Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over
different periods of time
Encoding
We get information into our brains through a process called encoding, which is the
input of information into the memory system
-We organize the information with other similar information and connect new concepts
to existing concepts. Encoding information occurs through automatic processing and
effortful processing.
This is known as automatic processing, or the encoding of details like time, space,
frequency, and the meaning of words.
-Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. Recalling the
last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing.
It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that
information. This is known as effortful processing
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as semantic encoding. It was first
demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935) in an experiment in which he asked people to
memorize words.
Visual encoding is the encoding of images, and acoustic encoding is the encoding of
sounds, words in particular.
,Acoustic encoding- You are driving in your car and a song comes on the radio that you
haven’t heard in at least 10 years, but you sing along, recalling every word.
Which of the three types of encoding do you think would give you the best memory of
verbal information? Some years ago, psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
(1975) conducted a series of experiments to find out.
Semantic encoding involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or
acoustic encoding. Craik and Tulving concluded that we process verbal information best
through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference
effect
The self-reference effect is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for
information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal
relevance
Storage
Storage is the creation of a permanent record of information
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through
three distinct stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term
Memory. These stages were first proposed by Richard Atkinsonand Richard Shiffrin
(1968).
Their model of human memory, called Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, is based on the
belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes
information.
, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a working memory model in which short-term
memory has different forms. In their model, storing memories in short-term memory is
like opening different files on a computer and adding information.
Sensory Memory
In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in
sensory memory: storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.
Short term Memory
Short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that processes incoming
sensory memory. The terms short-term and working memory are sometimes used
interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same.
-Short-term memory is more accurately described as a component of working memory.
Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects
that memory to something already in long-term memory. Short-term memory storage
lasts 15 to 30 seconds.
Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over
different periods of time
Encoding
We get information into our brains through a process called encoding, which is the
input of information into the memory system
-We organize the information with other similar information and connect new concepts
to existing concepts. Encoding information occurs through automatic processing and
effortful processing.
This is known as automatic processing, or the encoding of details like time, space,
frequency, and the meaning of words.
-Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. Recalling the
last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing.
It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that
information. This is known as effortful processing
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as semantic encoding. It was first
demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935) in an experiment in which he asked people to
memorize words.
Visual encoding is the encoding of images, and acoustic encoding is the encoding of
sounds, words in particular.
,Acoustic encoding- You are driving in your car and a song comes on the radio that you
haven’t heard in at least 10 years, but you sing along, recalling every word.
Which of the three types of encoding do you think would give you the best memory of
verbal information? Some years ago, psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
(1975) conducted a series of experiments to find out.
Semantic encoding involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or
acoustic encoding. Craik and Tulving concluded that we process verbal information best
through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference
effect
The self-reference effect is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for
information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal
relevance
Storage
Storage is the creation of a permanent record of information
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through
three distinct stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term
Memory. These stages were first proposed by Richard Atkinsonand Richard Shiffrin
(1968).
Their model of human memory, called Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, is based on the
belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes
information.
, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a working memory model in which short-term
memory has different forms. In their model, storing memories in short-term memory is
like opening different files on a computer and adding information.
Sensory Memory
In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in
sensory memory: storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.
Short term Memory
Short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that processes incoming
sensory memory. The terms short-term and working memory are sometimes used
interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same.
-Short-term memory is more accurately described as a component of working memory.
Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects
that memory to something already in long-term memory. Short-term memory storage
lasts 15 to 30 seconds.
