BIOL 2460 Exam 4 questions with
verified solutions already passed
Signs - correct answer ✔✔objective and measurable. Can be measured by a clinician.
-body temp. (98.6 F)
-heart rate (60-100 beats per minute)
-breathing rate (12-18 breaths per minute)
-blood pressure (between 90/60 and 120/80 mm Hg)
Symptoms - correct answer ✔✔Subjective. Felt by the patient but cannot be clinically confirmed
or objectively measured.
-nausea
-loss of appetite
-pain
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale - correct answer ✔✔Rate pain on a scale from 0-10
Syndrome - correct answer ✔✔A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a
particular disease.
Asymptomatic - correct answer ✔✔aka subclinical. Do not resent any noticeable signs or
symptoms.
-ex. herpes simplex virus remain asymptomatic and unaware that they have been infected
,Classification of Diseases - correct answer ✔✔Determined by the World Heath Organization
(WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Used to classify diseases and monitor
morbidity (# of cases) and mortality (# of deaths)
Infectious Disease - correct answer ✔✔Any disease cause by the direct effect of a pathogen.
-cellular (bacteria, parasites, and fungi)
-acellular(viruses, viroids, and prions)
Communicable disease - correct answer ✔✔Capable of being spread person to person by either
direct or indirect mechanisms.
Contagious diseases - correct answer ✔✔Easily spread from person to person.
-ex. measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be transmitted when an infected
person coughs or sneezes and an uninfected person breathes in droplets containing the virus.
Iatrogenic diseases - correct answer ✔✔Diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical
procedure.
-ex. necrotizing fasciitis due to bandages of dressings being contaminated with Clostridium
perfringens
Nosocomial diseases - correct answer ✔✔Diseases acquired in a hospital setting.
Zoonotic disease - correct answer ✔✔aka zoonosis. A disease that occurs when a pathogen is
transferred from a vertebrate animal to a human (WHO).
-ex. Rabies
-many rely on insects or arthropods for transmission. examples include yellow fever and Rocky
Mountain spotted fever
,Noncommunicable disease - correct answer ✔✔Infectious disease that is not spread from one
person to another.
-ex. Clostridium Tetani and Legionella Pneumophila
Noninfectious disease - correct answer ✔✔Diseases not caused by pathogens. Can be caused by
a wide variety of factors including genetics, the environment, or immune system dysfunction.
-ex. Sickle cell anemia
Incubation period of a disease - correct answer ✔✔Occurs in an acute disease after the initial
entry of the pathogen into the host.
-pathogen begins multiplying in the host
-Insufficient # of pathogens to present signs and symptoms
-acute: a day or two
-chronic: months or years
Prodromal period of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The pathogen continues to multiply and the
host begins to experience general signs and symptoms of illness, which typically result from the
activation of the immune system.
-soreness, pain, fever, swelling, or inflammation
Period of illness of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The signs and symptoms of the disease are
most obvious and severe.
Period of decline of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The number of pathogen particles begin to
decrease and the signs and symptoms begin to decline.
-patients may become susceptible to developing secondary infections because their immune
systems have been weakened by the primary infection.
, Period of Convalescence of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The patient generally returns to
normal functions.
- some diseases may inflict permanent damage that the body cannot repair.
Acute disease - correct answer ✔✔Pathologic changes occur over a short period of time and
involve a rapid onset of disease conditions.
-ex. influenza (influenza virus): incubation period (1-2 days); contagious (5 days after becoming
ill); period of decline (~1 week)
Chronic disease - correct answer ✔✔Pathologic changes can occur over a long period of time.
-ex. chronic gastritis (adapts to the pH of the stomach and produces urease which modifies
acidity of the environment allowing for Helicobacter pylori to survive indefinitely)
-Hepatitis B virus can cause a chronic infection
Latent disease - correct answer ✔✔The casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of
time with no active replication.
-herpes simplex virus
-chicken pox>may reactivate decades later and come back as shingles
-mononucleosis
Koch Postulates - correct answer ✔✔Method for determining whether a particular
microorganism was the cause of a particular disease.
Koch Postulates: Criterion - correct answer ✔✔1.The suspected pathogen must be found in
every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals.
2.The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3.A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and
symptoms of disease as seen in postulate 1.
verified solutions already passed
Signs - correct answer ✔✔objective and measurable. Can be measured by a clinician.
-body temp. (98.6 F)
-heart rate (60-100 beats per minute)
-breathing rate (12-18 breaths per minute)
-blood pressure (between 90/60 and 120/80 mm Hg)
Symptoms - correct answer ✔✔Subjective. Felt by the patient but cannot be clinically confirmed
or objectively measured.
-nausea
-loss of appetite
-pain
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale - correct answer ✔✔Rate pain on a scale from 0-10
Syndrome - correct answer ✔✔A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a
particular disease.
Asymptomatic - correct answer ✔✔aka subclinical. Do not resent any noticeable signs or
symptoms.
-ex. herpes simplex virus remain asymptomatic and unaware that they have been infected
,Classification of Diseases - correct answer ✔✔Determined by the World Heath Organization
(WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Used to classify diseases and monitor
morbidity (# of cases) and mortality (# of deaths)
Infectious Disease - correct answer ✔✔Any disease cause by the direct effect of a pathogen.
-cellular (bacteria, parasites, and fungi)
-acellular(viruses, viroids, and prions)
Communicable disease - correct answer ✔✔Capable of being spread person to person by either
direct or indirect mechanisms.
Contagious diseases - correct answer ✔✔Easily spread from person to person.
-ex. measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be transmitted when an infected
person coughs or sneezes and an uninfected person breathes in droplets containing the virus.
Iatrogenic diseases - correct answer ✔✔Diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical
procedure.
-ex. necrotizing fasciitis due to bandages of dressings being contaminated with Clostridium
perfringens
Nosocomial diseases - correct answer ✔✔Diseases acquired in a hospital setting.
Zoonotic disease - correct answer ✔✔aka zoonosis. A disease that occurs when a pathogen is
transferred from a vertebrate animal to a human (WHO).
-ex. Rabies
-many rely on insects or arthropods for transmission. examples include yellow fever and Rocky
Mountain spotted fever
,Noncommunicable disease - correct answer ✔✔Infectious disease that is not spread from one
person to another.
-ex. Clostridium Tetani and Legionella Pneumophila
Noninfectious disease - correct answer ✔✔Diseases not caused by pathogens. Can be caused by
a wide variety of factors including genetics, the environment, or immune system dysfunction.
-ex. Sickle cell anemia
Incubation period of a disease - correct answer ✔✔Occurs in an acute disease after the initial
entry of the pathogen into the host.
-pathogen begins multiplying in the host
-Insufficient # of pathogens to present signs and symptoms
-acute: a day or two
-chronic: months or years
Prodromal period of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The pathogen continues to multiply and the
host begins to experience general signs and symptoms of illness, which typically result from the
activation of the immune system.
-soreness, pain, fever, swelling, or inflammation
Period of illness of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The signs and symptoms of the disease are
most obvious and severe.
Period of decline of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The number of pathogen particles begin to
decrease and the signs and symptoms begin to decline.
-patients may become susceptible to developing secondary infections because their immune
systems have been weakened by the primary infection.
, Period of Convalescence of a disease - correct answer ✔✔The patient generally returns to
normal functions.
- some diseases may inflict permanent damage that the body cannot repair.
Acute disease - correct answer ✔✔Pathologic changes occur over a short period of time and
involve a rapid onset of disease conditions.
-ex. influenza (influenza virus): incubation period (1-2 days); contagious (5 days after becoming
ill); period of decline (~1 week)
Chronic disease - correct answer ✔✔Pathologic changes can occur over a long period of time.
-ex. chronic gastritis (adapts to the pH of the stomach and produces urease which modifies
acidity of the environment allowing for Helicobacter pylori to survive indefinitely)
-Hepatitis B virus can cause a chronic infection
Latent disease - correct answer ✔✔The casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of
time with no active replication.
-herpes simplex virus
-chicken pox>may reactivate decades later and come back as shingles
-mononucleosis
Koch Postulates - correct answer ✔✔Method for determining whether a particular
microorganism was the cause of a particular disease.
Koch Postulates: Criterion - correct answer ✔✔1.The suspected pathogen must be found in
every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals.
2.The suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3.A healthy test subject infected with the suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and
symptoms of disease as seen in postulate 1.
