HUMAN BIOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
pH is extremely important - ANSWER-Affects the shape of proteins (stay tuned)
Human blood pH- 7.35- 7.45
Classes of biological (organic) molecules - ANSWER-Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
dehydration synthesis - ANSWER-Large polymer molecules are made from "building
block" monomers through
hydrolysis - ANSWER-Large biological molecules are broken down by
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-carbohydrate monomers
Glycerol + fatty acids - ANSWER-monomers for most types of lipids
Amino acids - ANSWER-protein monomers
Nucleotides - ANSWER-carbohydrate + phosphate + nitrogenous base - nucleic acid
monomers
Carbohydrates Cn(H2O) n - ANSWER-cell membrane structure + used for energy
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-have 3-7 carbons, usually in a ring
Disaccharides - ANSWER-2 connected monosaccharides
ex. Lactose = glucose + galactose
ex. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-many monosaccharides that link in different ways that
affect our ability to use them
ex. starch vs cellulose
Lipids - ANSWER-cell membrane structure + hormones + protection/insulation +
store and supply energy
Lipids - ANSWER-Various molecular structures but all are partly or totally
hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
Fats (triglycerides) - ANSWER-glycerol + 3 fatty acids
electron shells - ANSWER-of an atom are involved in bonding
Are complete with 2 electrons in the first "shell" and 8 electrons in successive
"shells"
, Covalent Bonds - ANSWER-shares electrons
Equally= nonpolar
Unequally= polar
Ionic Bonds - ANSWER-"stick together" due to opposite charges
Hydrogen bonds - ANSWER-weak attractions between polar covalent molecules
involving hydrogen
Hydrophilic - ANSWER-is a solvant found inside and outside cells for polar covalent
or ionic molecules
Hydrophobic - ANSWER-Avoids non-polar covalent molecules
High heat capacity - ANSWER-changes temperature slowly- due to hydrogen bonds
High heat of vaporization - ANSWER-energy is released at high temperature when it
becomes a gas- due to breaking of hydrogen bonds
Solid is lighter than the liquid - ANSWER-due to geometry when frozen
pH - ANSWER-the measure of free H+
Water is the medium
acid - ANSWER-pH = <7
Base - ANSWER-pH = >7
Buffer - ANSWER-a mixture of molecules that keeps the H+ constant through
equilibrium
Example: H2O + CO2 = H2CO3= H+ + HCO3-
Saturated - ANSWER-maximum number of H atoms due to all single bonds; are
solid at room T
Unsaturated - ANSWER-fewer than maximum number of H atoms due to one or
more double bonds; usually liquid at room T
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) - ANSWER-2 you must eat
Alpha linolenic (ALA)- an omega-3
Linoleic- an omega-6
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids - ANSWER-The first double bond is either 3 or 6
carbons up from the end of the fatty acid molecule
A healthy intake ratio is 2:1 omega 6: omega 3; most Americans 10:1
Trans fats - ANSWER-hydrogens are on the opposite side of the double bond;
increase cardiovascular disease risk
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
pH is extremely important - ANSWER-Affects the shape of proteins (stay tuned)
Human blood pH- 7.35- 7.45
Classes of biological (organic) molecules - ANSWER-Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
dehydration synthesis - ANSWER-Large polymer molecules are made from "building
block" monomers through
hydrolysis - ANSWER-Large biological molecules are broken down by
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-carbohydrate monomers
Glycerol + fatty acids - ANSWER-monomers for most types of lipids
Amino acids - ANSWER-protein monomers
Nucleotides - ANSWER-carbohydrate + phosphate + nitrogenous base - nucleic acid
monomers
Carbohydrates Cn(H2O) n - ANSWER-cell membrane structure + used for energy
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-have 3-7 carbons, usually in a ring
Disaccharides - ANSWER-2 connected monosaccharides
ex. Lactose = glucose + galactose
ex. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-many monosaccharides that link in different ways that
affect our ability to use them
ex. starch vs cellulose
Lipids - ANSWER-cell membrane structure + hormones + protection/insulation +
store and supply energy
Lipids - ANSWER-Various molecular structures but all are partly or totally
hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
Fats (triglycerides) - ANSWER-glycerol + 3 fatty acids
electron shells - ANSWER-of an atom are involved in bonding
Are complete with 2 electrons in the first "shell" and 8 electrons in successive
"shells"
, Covalent Bonds - ANSWER-shares electrons
Equally= nonpolar
Unequally= polar
Ionic Bonds - ANSWER-"stick together" due to opposite charges
Hydrogen bonds - ANSWER-weak attractions between polar covalent molecules
involving hydrogen
Hydrophilic - ANSWER-is a solvant found inside and outside cells for polar covalent
or ionic molecules
Hydrophobic - ANSWER-Avoids non-polar covalent molecules
High heat capacity - ANSWER-changes temperature slowly- due to hydrogen bonds
High heat of vaporization - ANSWER-energy is released at high temperature when it
becomes a gas- due to breaking of hydrogen bonds
Solid is lighter than the liquid - ANSWER-due to geometry when frozen
pH - ANSWER-the measure of free H+
Water is the medium
acid - ANSWER-pH = <7
Base - ANSWER-pH = >7
Buffer - ANSWER-a mixture of molecules that keeps the H+ constant through
equilibrium
Example: H2O + CO2 = H2CO3= H+ + HCO3-
Saturated - ANSWER-maximum number of H atoms due to all single bonds; are
solid at room T
Unsaturated - ANSWER-fewer than maximum number of H atoms due to one or
more double bonds; usually liquid at room T
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) - ANSWER-2 you must eat
Alpha linolenic (ALA)- an omega-3
Linoleic- an omega-6
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids - ANSWER-The first double bond is either 3 or 6
carbons up from the end of the fatty acid molecule
A healthy intake ratio is 2:1 omega 6: omega 3; most Americans 10:1
Trans fats - ANSWER-hydrogens are on the opposite side of the double bond;
increase cardiovascular disease risk
