NURS 8022 Patho-Revision Test
1 2025
Negative Feedback - Correct Answer Promotes stability; cancels out
the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the
pancreas Positive Feedback - Correct Answer Promotes a change in
one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet
cascade Proteins - Correct Answer Provide selectivity to a
membrane Integral proteins - Correct Answer channels, pores,
carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers Peripheral proteins
- Correct Answer Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors ATP -
Correct Answer Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical
bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant
energy Simple/passive diffusion - Correct Answer Occurs down a
concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - Correct Answer Diffuse from high to
lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non
permeable to the molecule Factors that affect the net rate of
diffusion - Correct Answer 1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the
membrane matters TOO! 3. Pressure difference (higher pressure
results in increased energy) Osmosis - Correct Answer Passive
transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low
FLUID) Primary Active Transport - Correct Answer Molecules are
"pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF
ENERGY Secondary Active Transport - Correct Answer Trasport is
driven by the energy STORED in the concentration gradient of
another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY Na+- K+
ATPase - Correct Answer Carrier protein located on the plasma
membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to
, release energy -Important role in regulating osmotic balance -
Requires one to two thirds of cells energy Ca2+ ATPase - Correct
Answer Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration H+ ATPase -
Correct Answer - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl
secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold Remember: Sodium
Potassium Pump - Correct Answer sodium is pumped out of the
cell; potassium is pumped in... Secondary Active Transport; Co-
transport - Correct Answer Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+) Counter
transport - Correct Answer Substance is transported in the
opposite direction as the driver ion Na+ How do cardiac glycosides
increase cardiac contractility? - Correct Answer Increase
intracellular Ca2+ ungated Ion Channels - Correct Answer
determined by size, shape, distribution of charge Gated Ion
Channels - Correct Answer -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+
channels) -Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels) Ion
Channels - Correct Answer Conductance depends on probability
that channel is open. Equilibrium Potential - Correct Answer the
diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency
for diffusion down the concentration difference. If a membrane
were permeable to only K+ then... - Correct Answer K+ would
diffuse down its concentration gradient until the electrical potential
across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the
cell down its concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).
Potassium Nernst Potential - Correct Answer Also called
equilibrium potential; if the membrane were only permeate to K+;
the Vm would be -94mv. Sodium Nernst Potential - Correct
Answer If the membrane were only permeable to Na+ then the Vm
would be +61mv. The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation - Correct
Answer The resting membrane potential is closest to the
equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability!
1 2025
Negative Feedback - Correct Answer Promotes stability; cancels out
the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the
pancreas Positive Feedback - Correct Answer Promotes a change in
one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet
cascade Proteins - Correct Answer Provide selectivity to a
membrane Integral proteins - Correct Answer channels, pores,
carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers Peripheral proteins
- Correct Answer Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors ATP -
Correct Answer Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical
bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant
energy Simple/passive diffusion - Correct Answer Occurs down a
concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - Correct Answer Diffuse from high to
lower pressure; diffusion will not occur if the membrane is non
permeable to the molecule Factors that affect the net rate of
diffusion - Correct Answer 1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the
membrane matters TOO! 3. Pressure difference (higher pressure
results in increased energy) Osmosis - Correct Answer Passive
transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low
FLUID) Primary Active Transport - Correct Answer Molecules are
"pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration; DIRECT USE OF
ENERGY Secondary Active Transport - Correct Answer Trasport is
driven by the energy STORED in the concentration gradient of
another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY Na+- K+
ATPase - Correct Answer Carrier protein located on the plasma
membrane of alll cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to
, release energy -Important role in regulating osmotic balance -
Requires one to two thirds of cells energy Ca2+ ATPase - Correct
Answer Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration H+ ATPase -
Correct Answer - Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl
secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold Remember: Sodium
Potassium Pump - Correct Answer sodium is pumped out of the
cell; potassium is pumped in... Secondary Active Transport; Co-
transport - Correct Answer Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+) Counter
transport - Correct Answer Substance is transported in the
opposite direction as the driver ion Na+ How do cardiac glycosides
increase cardiac contractility? - Correct Answer Increase
intracellular Ca2+ ungated Ion Channels - Correct Answer
determined by size, shape, distribution of charge Gated Ion
Channels - Correct Answer -volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+
channels) -Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels) Ion
Channels - Correct Answer Conductance depends on probability
that channel is open. Equilibrium Potential - Correct Answer the
diffusion potential that exactly balances or opposes the tendency
for diffusion down the concentration difference. If a membrane
were permeable to only K+ then... - Correct Answer K+ would
diffuse down its concentration gradient until the electrical potential
across the membrane countered diffusion. (moving from inside the
cell down its concentration gradient to the outside of the cell).
Potassium Nernst Potential - Correct Answer Also called
equilibrium potential; if the membrane were only permeate to K+;
the Vm would be -94mv. Sodium Nernst Potential - Correct
Answer If the membrane were only permeable to Na+ then the Vm
would be +61mv. The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation - Correct
Answer The resting membrane potential is closest to the
equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability!
