,Contents
Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology .............................................................3
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life ............................................................................................... 16
Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function — .................................................................................. 26
Chapter 4: Genes and Cellular Function ..................................................................................... 36
Chapter 5: The Human Tissues .................................................................................................. 45
Chapter 6: The Integumentary System....................................................................................... 55
Chapter 7: Bone Tissue ............................................................................................................. 64
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System ................................................................................................. 74
Chapter 9: Joints ....................................................................................................................... 83
Chapter 10: The Muscular System ............................................................................................. 92
Chapter 10: The Muscular System ........................................................................................... 101
Chapter 11: Muscular Tissue ................................................................................................... 111
Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue ..................................................................................................... 120
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes ........................................... 130
Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves ........................................................................... 139
Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes .......................................... 149
Chapter 16: Sense Organs ..................................................................................................... 159
Chapter 17: The Endocrine System .......................................................................................... 169
Chapter 18: The Circulatory System: Blood .............................................................................. 177
Chapter 19: The Circulatory System: Heart .............................................................................. 185
Chapter 20: The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation .......................................... 193
Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems .................................................................... 202
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System ........................................................................................ 210
Chapter 23: The Urinary System .............................................................................................. 218
Chapter 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance ............................................................. 227
Chapter 25: The Digestive System ........................................................................................... 236
Chapter 26: Nutrition and Metabolism .................................................................................... 244
Chapter 27: The Male Reproductive System ............................................................................ 253
Chapter 28: The Female Reproductive System ......................................................................... 261
Chapter 29: Human Development and Aging ........................................................................... 270
,Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology — Test Bank (28
Questions)
1. Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy
and physiology?
A) Anatomy is the study of functions, and physiology is the study of
structures.
B) Anatomy and physiology are completely independent disciplines with
no overlap.
C) Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts, while physiology
focuses on the functions of those parts.
D) Physiology studies the evolutionary history of organisms, whereas
anatomy focuses on cellular components.
E) Both anatomy and physiology focus exclusively on microscopic
structures.
✅ Correct Answer: C) Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts, while
physiology focuses on the functions of those parts.
Rationale:
Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another. Physiology, in contrast, studies the functions of
these structures—how they work and carry out life-sustaining activities. Option
A reverses the definitions. Option B is incorrect because the two fields are
closely related and often integrated. Option D mischaracterizes physiology,
which focuses on function rather than evolutionary history. Option E is incorrect
because both macroscopic (gross anatomy) and microscopic structures are
studied in anatomy and physiology.
2. Homeostasis can best be described as:
A) The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite
external changes.
B) A static state where the body never changes its internal conditions.
C) The process of adapting to environmental changes by altering genetic
information.
D) The irreversible change in organ function over time.
, E) A condition where the body’s internal environment becomes
increasingly unstable.
✅ Correct Answer: A) The body's ability to maintain a stable internal
environment despite external changes.
Rationale:
Homeostasis refers to the dynamic equilibrium of the body’s internal
environment, enabling physiological systems to function optimally even when
external conditions fluctuate. Option B is incorrect because homeostasis
involves constant adjustments, not stasis. Option C describes adaptation at the
evolutionary/genetic level, not homeostasis. Option D refers to pathological
changes, not normal regulatory processes. Option E is the opposite of
homeostasis.
3. Which level of structural organization includes cells as its basic unit?
A) Chemical
B) Cellular
C) Tissue
D) Organ
E) Organ system
✅ Correct Answer: B) Cellular
Rationale:
The cellular level is the first level of organization where cells, the basic
structural and functional units of life, exist. The chemical level includes atoms
and molecules (more basic than cells). Tissues are groups of similar cells
performing a function. Organs consist of multiple tissue types. Organ systems
are collections of organs functioning together.
4. Negative feedback mechanisms:
A) Amplify the original stimulus to increase response.
B) Maintain homeostasis by reversing deviations from a set point.
C) Are less common than positive feedback in the human body.
Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology .............................................................3
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life ............................................................................................... 16
Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function — .................................................................................. 26
Chapter 4: Genes and Cellular Function ..................................................................................... 36
Chapter 5: The Human Tissues .................................................................................................. 45
Chapter 6: The Integumentary System....................................................................................... 55
Chapter 7: Bone Tissue ............................................................................................................. 64
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System ................................................................................................. 74
Chapter 9: Joints ....................................................................................................................... 83
Chapter 10: The Muscular System ............................................................................................. 92
Chapter 10: The Muscular System ........................................................................................... 101
Chapter 11: Muscular Tissue ................................................................................................... 111
Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue ..................................................................................................... 120
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes ........................................... 130
Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves ........................................................................... 139
Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes .......................................... 149
Chapter 16: Sense Organs ..................................................................................................... 159
Chapter 17: The Endocrine System .......................................................................................... 169
Chapter 18: The Circulatory System: Blood .............................................................................. 177
Chapter 19: The Circulatory System: Heart .............................................................................. 185
Chapter 20: The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation .......................................... 193
Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems .................................................................... 202
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System ........................................................................................ 210
Chapter 23: The Urinary System .............................................................................................. 218
Chapter 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance ............................................................. 227
Chapter 25: The Digestive System ........................................................................................... 236
Chapter 26: Nutrition and Metabolism .................................................................................... 244
Chapter 27: The Male Reproductive System ............................................................................ 253
Chapter 28: The Female Reproductive System ......................................................................... 261
Chapter 29: Human Development and Aging ........................................................................... 270
,Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology — Test Bank (28
Questions)
1. Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy
and physiology?
A) Anatomy is the study of functions, and physiology is the study of
structures.
B) Anatomy and physiology are completely independent disciplines with
no overlap.
C) Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts, while physiology
focuses on the functions of those parts.
D) Physiology studies the evolutionary history of organisms, whereas
anatomy focuses on cellular components.
E) Both anatomy and physiology focus exclusively on microscopic
structures.
✅ Correct Answer: C) Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts, while
physiology focuses on the functions of those parts.
Rationale:
Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another. Physiology, in contrast, studies the functions of
these structures—how they work and carry out life-sustaining activities. Option
A reverses the definitions. Option B is incorrect because the two fields are
closely related and often integrated. Option D mischaracterizes physiology,
which focuses on function rather than evolutionary history. Option E is incorrect
because both macroscopic (gross anatomy) and microscopic structures are
studied in anatomy and physiology.
2. Homeostasis can best be described as:
A) The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite
external changes.
B) A static state where the body never changes its internal conditions.
C) The process of adapting to environmental changes by altering genetic
information.
D) The irreversible change in organ function over time.
, E) A condition where the body’s internal environment becomes
increasingly unstable.
✅ Correct Answer: A) The body's ability to maintain a stable internal
environment despite external changes.
Rationale:
Homeostasis refers to the dynamic equilibrium of the body’s internal
environment, enabling physiological systems to function optimally even when
external conditions fluctuate. Option B is incorrect because homeostasis
involves constant adjustments, not stasis. Option C describes adaptation at the
evolutionary/genetic level, not homeostasis. Option D refers to pathological
changes, not normal regulatory processes. Option E is the opposite of
homeostasis.
3. Which level of structural organization includes cells as its basic unit?
A) Chemical
B) Cellular
C) Tissue
D) Organ
E) Organ system
✅ Correct Answer: B) Cellular
Rationale:
The cellular level is the first level of organization where cells, the basic
structural and functional units of life, exist. The chemical level includes atoms
and molecules (more basic than cells). Tissues are groups of similar cells
performing a function. Organs consist of multiple tissue types. Organ systems
are collections of organs functioning together.
4. Negative feedback mechanisms:
A) Amplify the original stimulus to increase response.
B) Maintain homeostasis by reversing deviations from a set point.
C) Are less common than positive feedback in the human body.
