Human Biology Final Exam Review
Questions with Complete Solutions
Formed Elements - ANSWER-RBC = Erythrocytes carries O2 & Co2
O2 biding with protein = hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin with 4 O2, inside tissue, lower PH & O2.
Deoxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin transports some C02.
Carbominohemoglobin: Maintain body's PH, % of blood consisting of RBC's.
Men = 45%
Women = 40%
Chapter 7 Cardiovascular
Function of blood vessels - ANSWER-Arteries = carry blood away from heart.
Capillaries = Every living cell near undergoes cellular respiration.
2 type = Hydrostatic/osmotic pressure.
HP = Force fluids out
OP = Reabsorption in last half of capillaries. Extracellular fluids pick up by lymphatic
system.
Veins = Bring the flow of blood back to the heart.
3 layers: muscle pump, valves, changes in pressures in the chest.
The Heart - ANSWER-Location = plural cavity
Sac around = pericardium
Layers of heart = epicardium, Myocardium, endocardium.
Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood. - ANSWER-Deoxygenated blood
through vena caves to right atrium.
Right AV valve to R Ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve to palm and lungs.
oxygenated blood through plum veins to L atrium.
Oxygenated blood through L AV valve to L ventricle.
Systemic Circuit - ANSWER-Oxygenated blood through aortic semilunar valve to
aorta
Oxygenated blood through arteries, arterioles to capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood from capillary to veins, vena caves, R Atrium.
Chapter 8 Respiratory System
Exchanges of gases (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide). - ANSWER-Ventilation = moving
air in/out lungs.
External Respiration = Exchange gases between inhaled air/ blood lugs.
Internal Respiration = Exchange of gases between blood and tissue.
Upper Tract - ANSWER-Nose: Smell, filter air, warms, humidifies air, assists with
voice.
Nasal Cavity: Secrete mucus, warms and humidities cilia.
, Pharynx: Common passage way for food/air.
Lower Tract - ANSWER-Larynx: Maintains open airway/routes food/air sound.
2 structures: Epiglottis, vocal cords.
Trachea: Transports air/ C-Shaped, lined/ cilia, epithelium, secretes mucus.
Alveoli = small sack air
Baroreceptors - ANSWER-a type of interoceptor that is stimulated by pressure
changes, as those in blood vessel walls.
Chapter 9 Immune - ANSWER-Bacteria = Prokaryote --> no nucleus
DNA: Single closed loop in cytoplasm, attached to plasma membrane. ATP from
Carbohydrates and fats.
Bacterial diseases = Tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis.
Pathogens: Virus
Small than bacteria/human cell
influenza, herpes, simplex, hepatitis.
Pathogens: Prion
Misfold form of normal brain cell protein.
Transmissibility = how easily pathogen is passed.
Function of Lymphatic System
White pulp: lymphocytes
Red pulp: macrophages - ANSWER-3 Functions = helps maintain blood volume,
transport fats/ fat soluble, vitamins, defends against infections.
Subclavian veins = filter out.
Lymph nodes cleanse the lymphs (debris abnormal cells).
Spleen cleans blood. (Largest organ in lymphatic system).
Thymus: upper chest
Secrete 2 hormones; t-cells and mature thymosin.
Tonsils & Adenoids: guard trout from microorganism. (Tonsillitis).
Chapter 10: Nervous - ANSWER-Division of Central and Peripheral systems.
Parts: Axons, dendrites, cell body.
3 type: Sensory:
Provide: input to CN.
Interneurons: Transmit impulses within CN.
Motor: Transmit signals to axon terminal in muscles.
Peripheral:
Relays info between tissues and CNS.
Nerves carry signals to and from CNS.
Cranial 12 pairs
Spinal 31 pairs
Sensory & Motor
Other Definition
Action potential
Depolarization
Repolarization - ANSWER-Reversal of voltage difference.
Na moves into the axon.
Questions with Complete Solutions
Formed Elements - ANSWER-RBC = Erythrocytes carries O2 & Co2
O2 biding with protein = hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin with 4 O2, inside tissue, lower PH & O2.
Deoxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin transports some C02.
Carbominohemoglobin: Maintain body's PH, % of blood consisting of RBC's.
Men = 45%
Women = 40%
Chapter 7 Cardiovascular
Function of blood vessels - ANSWER-Arteries = carry blood away from heart.
Capillaries = Every living cell near undergoes cellular respiration.
2 type = Hydrostatic/osmotic pressure.
HP = Force fluids out
OP = Reabsorption in last half of capillaries. Extracellular fluids pick up by lymphatic
system.
Veins = Bring the flow of blood back to the heart.
3 layers: muscle pump, valves, changes in pressures in the chest.
The Heart - ANSWER-Location = plural cavity
Sac around = pericardium
Layers of heart = epicardium, Myocardium, endocardium.
Pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood. - ANSWER-Deoxygenated blood
through vena caves to right atrium.
Right AV valve to R Ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve to palm and lungs.
oxygenated blood through plum veins to L atrium.
Oxygenated blood through L AV valve to L ventricle.
Systemic Circuit - ANSWER-Oxygenated blood through aortic semilunar valve to
aorta
Oxygenated blood through arteries, arterioles to capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood from capillary to veins, vena caves, R Atrium.
Chapter 8 Respiratory System
Exchanges of gases (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide). - ANSWER-Ventilation = moving
air in/out lungs.
External Respiration = Exchange gases between inhaled air/ blood lugs.
Internal Respiration = Exchange of gases between blood and tissue.
Upper Tract - ANSWER-Nose: Smell, filter air, warms, humidifies air, assists with
voice.
Nasal Cavity: Secrete mucus, warms and humidities cilia.
, Pharynx: Common passage way for food/air.
Lower Tract - ANSWER-Larynx: Maintains open airway/routes food/air sound.
2 structures: Epiglottis, vocal cords.
Trachea: Transports air/ C-Shaped, lined/ cilia, epithelium, secretes mucus.
Alveoli = small sack air
Baroreceptors - ANSWER-a type of interoceptor that is stimulated by pressure
changes, as those in blood vessel walls.
Chapter 9 Immune - ANSWER-Bacteria = Prokaryote --> no nucleus
DNA: Single closed loop in cytoplasm, attached to plasma membrane. ATP from
Carbohydrates and fats.
Bacterial diseases = Tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis.
Pathogens: Virus
Small than bacteria/human cell
influenza, herpes, simplex, hepatitis.
Pathogens: Prion
Misfold form of normal brain cell protein.
Transmissibility = how easily pathogen is passed.
Function of Lymphatic System
White pulp: lymphocytes
Red pulp: macrophages - ANSWER-3 Functions = helps maintain blood volume,
transport fats/ fat soluble, vitamins, defends against infections.
Subclavian veins = filter out.
Lymph nodes cleanse the lymphs (debris abnormal cells).
Spleen cleans blood. (Largest organ in lymphatic system).
Thymus: upper chest
Secrete 2 hormones; t-cells and mature thymosin.
Tonsils & Adenoids: guard trout from microorganism. (Tonsillitis).
Chapter 10: Nervous - ANSWER-Division of Central and Peripheral systems.
Parts: Axons, dendrites, cell body.
3 type: Sensory:
Provide: input to CN.
Interneurons: Transmit impulses within CN.
Motor: Transmit signals to axon terminal in muscles.
Peripheral:
Relays info between tissues and CNS.
Nerves carry signals to and from CNS.
Cranial 12 pairs
Spinal 31 pairs
Sensory & Motor
Other Definition
Action potential
Depolarization
Repolarization - ANSWER-Reversal of voltage difference.
Na moves into the axon.
