BCH 330 exam finale well summarized to your
understanding review 2025
A _____ protein known as ____ contains 3 AMINO ACIDS that undergo an oxidative
reaction to form an intense _____ fluorophore. This protein is remarkably useful
because the fluorophore is _____. Importantly, GFP can be attached to form a ____
with a second protein of interest during standard cloning procedures. - ANSWERSβ-
barrel, GFP, intrinsic, encoded in the amino acid sequence, fusion protein
_____ is a support medium that has two functions: 1) prevents molecules from diffusing
into broad bands 2) provides a sieving material that obstructs the movement of larger
particles more than smaller ones, allowing them to separate.
The term _______ refers to a specific gel layer technique that "focuses" a protein band.
The mechanism involves creating a large voltage gradient between Cl- and the _____ in
a later called the _______, which has a reduced pH. - ANSWERSPolyacrylamide,
discontinuous gel, glycinate zwitterion, stacking gel
The following equation is the analytical version of the principle of
______________________
the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or
concentrations of the reactants
∆G= ∆G₀ + RTlnQ, where Q=[C][D]/[A][B] - ANSWERSmass action
What emphasizes the relative contributions of enthalpic and entropic energies to the
stabilization of globular proteins? - ANSWERShydrophobic effect
What does ∆G stand for? - ANSWERSstandard state free energy
What is calculated by the following equation?
K = [products] / [reactants] - ANSWERSequilibrium constant
H = U + PV
Describes the energy absorbed/released during the making/breaking of bonds. -
ANSWERSEnthalpy (∆H)
∆H describes the energy associated with ______. - ANSWERSbond
breakage/dissociation
The term ∆S refers to _____, which is defined as ______. - ANSWERSentropy, number
of available configurations
, _______ are dependent only on the total concentration of a solute species. Examples
include pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and
osmotic pressure. - ANSWERScolligative properties
_______ is the phenomena by which H₂O tries to dilute the counterions that are bound
to the macromolecule. This makes the concentration of H₂O higher near the molecule
than in the bulk solution. This results in the property of _____ in which a charged protein
or nucleic acid contains an electrostricted ion-H₂O shell. - ANSWERSDonan effect,
electrostriction
colligative properties may also be related
________ defines the concentration dependence of ∆G. One example is that it drives
osmotic pressure.
μ = ∆G/∆n = ∆G/(∆cV) - ANSWERSchemical potenial
________ definitions and their equations are used to describe a derivative when one or
more other variables are held constant - ANSWERSpartial differentials
∆U = q + w
where ∆U refers to the _____ of a ______, as contributed to by ______ (q) and work
(w). The amount of energy it takes to go from one state to another.
ΔU = TΔS + uΔn - PΔV - ANSWERSinternal energy, system, heat
_____ (___) has the dimensions of energy and can be used to calculate ______ using
the following equation:
¹/₂ KbT, where Kb = 1.381x10^-23 JK^-1 - ANSWERSBoltzman's contant (Kb), degrees
of freedom
Q = Σj cj = Σj exp (-ΔGj/RT) describes _______, which is the ratio of concentrations of
a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore
a measure of the difference in solubility of the compound in these two phases.
Example of this is dissolving benzene in H₂O (Csw) vs. oil (Cso) or the difference
between an AA presence in water or benzene to determine its hydrophobicity/philicity -
ANSWERSpartition coefficient
d ln Keq / d (1/T) = -ΔH°/R
ln Keq = -∆H/RT + ∆S/R
, The above equations are the _______, which is used to create a _____ by plotting ln
Keq vs. 1/T. Ultimately, ____ is calculated using the slope (∆H/R). - ANSWERSVan't
Hoff equation, Arrhenius plot, ∆H
_____ is measured by _____ calorimetry, during which a _____ is produced by plotting
d(# bonds)/dT vs. T. - ANSWERSheat capacity, differential scanning, calorimetry peak
k = A exp(-Eact/RT) is ________, which describes how the _______ is related to
temperature. - ANSWERSArrhenius equation, rate constant (k)
When the strands of DNA separate in a process known as ______ a duplex becomes
single strands. This process can go in reverse as well, _____________. -
ANSWERSdenaturation, single strand to duplex
Hypochromicity is used to study ________ _______. Using Beer's Law, A = -log (I/I₀) =
εcl, where A = ________, I = _______, c = molar concentration of the _____ we can
determine the net _______ using A = f Ads + (1-f) Ass. - ANSWERSsingle strand to
duplex equilibrium, absorbance, light intensities, chromophore, absorbance
During NMR, _________ measure the degree of electron-dependent ____________ of
a hydrogen in a hydrogen bond. - ANSWERSNMR chemical shifts, deshielding
Three types of hydrogen bonds exist: regular, low, and no barrier.
________________________ and were studied in the context of the _____ in _____.
The energy provided drives the charge relay of the ______. - ANSWERSLBHB froms
between histidine and serine, catalytic triad, serine proteases, catalytic triad
HEAT AND WORK are _______, which are the opposite of _____, which must sum to
zero in a closed cycle. - ANSWERSpath-dependent functions, state functions
r =cLB= (pcLF)/ (Kd+cLF) is the ___________, where r = binding function. By
rearranging this equation we produce the Scatchard equation, which allows us to
determine the _________. - ANSWERShyperbolic binding equation, binding function,
number of binding sites/stoichemistry
We utilize the equation: qj = Vcell∆H∆[Lj, bound] during _________ where qj =
_________. - ANSWERSIsothermal Titration Calorimetry, heat absorbed or released
_______ is a technique used to study binding equilibria, during which a ligand is bound
to the surface of a specialized device and a beam of light is directed at the surface,
bounces off, and produces an _________. - ANSWERSSurface Plasmon Resonance,
Evanescent Surface Wave
To assess ___________________, one measures the degree to which the second
ligand binds in the presence and absence of the first ligand. Helping binding (α > 1) is
called __________. - ANSWERScooperativity, positive cooperativity
understanding review 2025
A _____ protein known as ____ contains 3 AMINO ACIDS that undergo an oxidative
reaction to form an intense _____ fluorophore. This protein is remarkably useful
because the fluorophore is _____. Importantly, GFP can be attached to form a ____
with a second protein of interest during standard cloning procedures. - ANSWERSβ-
barrel, GFP, intrinsic, encoded in the amino acid sequence, fusion protein
_____ is a support medium that has two functions: 1) prevents molecules from diffusing
into broad bands 2) provides a sieving material that obstructs the movement of larger
particles more than smaller ones, allowing them to separate.
The term _______ refers to a specific gel layer technique that "focuses" a protein band.
The mechanism involves creating a large voltage gradient between Cl- and the _____ in
a later called the _______, which has a reduced pH. - ANSWERSPolyacrylamide,
discontinuous gel, glycinate zwitterion, stacking gel
The following equation is the analytical version of the principle of
______________________
the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or
concentrations of the reactants
∆G= ∆G₀ + RTlnQ, where Q=[C][D]/[A][B] - ANSWERSmass action
What emphasizes the relative contributions of enthalpic and entropic energies to the
stabilization of globular proteins? - ANSWERShydrophobic effect
What does ∆G stand for? - ANSWERSstandard state free energy
What is calculated by the following equation?
K = [products] / [reactants] - ANSWERSequilibrium constant
H = U + PV
Describes the energy absorbed/released during the making/breaking of bonds. -
ANSWERSEnthalpy (∆H)
∆H describes the energy associated with ______. - ANSWERSbond
breakage/dissociation
The term ∆S refers to _____, which is defined as ______. - ANSWERSentropy, number
of available configurations
, _______ are dependent only on the total concentration of a solute species. Examples
include pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and
osmotic pressure. - ANSWERScolligative properties
_______ is the phenomena by which H₂O tries to dilute the counterions that are bound
to the macromolecule. This makes the concentration of H₂O higher near the molecule
than in the bulk solution. This results in the property of _____ in which a charged protein
or nucleic acid contains an electrostricted ion-H₂O shell. - ANSWERSDonan effect,
electrostriction
colligative properties may also be related
________ defines the concentration dependence of ∆G. One example is that it drives
osmotic pressure.
μ = ∆G/∆n = ∆G/(∆cV) - ANSWERSchemical potenial
________ definitions and their equations are used to describe a derivative when one or
more other variables are held constant - ANSWERSpartial differentials
∆U = q + w
where ∆U refers to the _____ of a ______, as contributed to by ______ (q) and work
(w). The amount of energy it takes to go from one state to another.
ΔU = TΔS + uΔn - PΔV - ANSWERSinternal energy, system, heat
_____ (___) has the dimensions of energy and can be used to calculate ______ using
the following equation:
¹/₂ KbT, where Kb = 1.381x10^-23 JK^-1 - ANSWERSBoltzman's contant (Kb), degrees
of freedom
Q = Σj cj = Σj exp (-ΔGj/RT) describes _______, which is the ratio of concentrations of
a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore
a measure of the difference in solubility of the compound in these two phases.
Example of this is dissolving benzene in H₂O (Csw) vs. oil (Cso) or the difference
between an AA presence in water or benzene to determine its hydrophobicity/philicity -
ANSWERSpartition coefficient
d ln Keq / d (1/T) = -ΔH°/R
ln Keq = -∆H/RT + ∆S/R
, The above equations are the _______, which is used to create a _____ by plotting ln
Keq vs. 1/T. Ultimately, ____ is calculated using the slope (∆H/R). - ANSWERSVan't
Hoff equation, Arrhenius plot, ∆H
_____ is measured by _____ calorimetry, during which a _____ is produced by plotting
d(# bonds)/dT vs. T. - ANSWERSheat capacity, differential scanning, calorimetry peak
k = A exp(-Eact/RT) is ________, which describes how the _______ is related to
temperature. - ANSWERSArrhenius equation, rate constant (k)
When the strands of DNA separate in a process known as ______ a duplex becomes
single strands. This process can go in reverse as well, _____________. -
ANSWERSdenaturation, single strand to duplex
Hypochromicity is used to study ________ _______. Using Beer's Law, A = -log (I/I₀) =
εcl, where A = ________, I = _______, c = molar concentration of the _____ we can
determine the net _______ using A = f Ads + (1-f) Ass. - ANSWERSsingle strand to
duplex equilibrium, absorbance, light intensities, chromophore, absorbance
During NMR, _________ measure the degree of electron-dependent ____________ of
a hydrogen in a hydrogen bond. - ANSWERSNMR chemical shifts, deshielding
Three types of hydrogen bonds exist: regular, low, and no barrier.
________________________ and were studied in the context of the _____ in _____.
The energy provided drives the charge relay of the ______. - ANSWERSLBHB froms
between histidine and serine, catalytic triad, serine proteases, catalytic triad
HEAT AND WORK are _______, which are the opposite of _____, which must sum to
zero in a closed cycle. - ANSWERSpath-dependent functions, state functions
r =cLB= (pcLF)/ (Kd+cLF) is the ___________, where r = binding function. By
rearranging this equation we produce the Scatchard equation, which allows us to
determine the _________. - ANSWERShyperbolic binding equation, binding function,
number of binding sites/stoichemistry
We utilize the equation: qj = Vcell∆H∆[Lj, bound] during _________ where qj =
_________. - ANSWERSIsothermal Titration Calorimetry, heat absorbed or released
_______ is a technique used to study binding equilibria, during which a ligand is bound
to the surface of a specialized device and a beam of light is directed at the surface,
bounces off, and produces an _________. - ANSWERSSurface Plasmon Resonance,
Evanescent Surface Wave
To assess ___________________, one measures the degree to which the second
ligand binds in the presence and absence of the first ligand. Helping binding (α > 1) is
called __________. - ANSWERScooperativity, positive cooperativity
