BCH 330 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update 2025/2026
A _____ protein known as ____ contains 3 AMINO ACIDS that undergo an oxidative reaction to
form an intense _____ fluorophore. This protein is remarkably useful because the fluorophore is
_____. Importantly, GFP can be attached to form a ____ with a second protein of interest during
standard cloning procedures. - Answers β-barrel, GFP, intrinsic, encoded in the amino acid
sequence, fusion protein
_____ is a support medium that has two functions: 1) prevents molecules from diffusing into
broad bands 2) provides a sieving material that obstructs the movement of larger particles
more than smaller ones, allowing them to separate.
The term _______ refers to a specific gel layer technique that "focuses" a protein band. The
mechanism involves creating a large voltage gradient between Cl- and the _____ in a later called
the _______, which has a reduced pH. - Answers Polyacrylamide, discontinuous gel, glycinate
zwitterion, stacking gel
The following equation is the analytical version of the principle of ______________________
the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or
concentrations of the reactants
ΔG= ΔG₀ + RTlnQ, where Q=[C][D]/[A][B] - Answers mass action
What emphasizes the relative contributions of enthalpic and entropic energies to the
stabilization of globular proteins? - Answers hydrophobic effect
What does ΔG stand for? - Answers standard state free energy
What is calculated by the following equation?
K = [products] / [reactants] - Answers equilibrium constant
H = U + PV
Describes the energy absorbed/released during the making/breaking of bonds. - Answers
Enthalpy (ΔH)
,ΔH describes the energy associated with ______. - Answers bond breakage/dissociation
The term ΔS refers to _____, which is defined as ______. - Answers entropy, number of available
configurations
_______ are dependent only on the total concentration of a solute species. Examples include
pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. -
Answers colligative properties
_______ is the phenomena by which H₂O tries to dilute the counterions that are bound to the
macromolecule. This makes the concentration of H₂O higher near the molecule than in the bulk
solution. This results in the property of _____ in which a charged protein or nucleic acid contains
an electrostricted ion-H₂O shell. - Answers Donan effect, electrostriction
colligative properties may also be related
________ defines the concentration dependence of ΔG. One example is that it drives osmotic
pressure.
μ = ΔG/Δn = ΔG/(ΔcV) - Answers chemical potenial
________ definitions and their equations are used to describe a derivative when one or more
other variables are held constant - Answers partial differentials
ΔU = q + w
where ΔU refers to the _____ of a ______, as contributed to by ______ (q) and work (w). The
amount of energy it takes to go from one state to another.
ΔU = TΔS + uΔn - PΔV - Answers internal energy, system, heat
_____ (___) has the dimensions of energy and can be used to calculate ______ using the following
equation:
¹/₂ KbT, where Kb = 1.381x10^-23 JK^-1 - Answers Boltzman's contant (Kb), degrees of freedom
Q = Σj cj = Σj exp (-ΔGj/RT) describes _______, which is the ratio of concentrations of a
compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore a
, measure of the difference in solubility of the compound in these two phases.
Example of this is dissolving benzene in H₂O (Csw) vs. oil (Cso) or the difference between an AA
presence in water or benzene to determine its hydrophobicity/philicity - Answers partition
coefficient
d ln Keq / d (1/T) = -ΔH°/R
ln Keq = -ΔH/RT + ΔS/R
The above equations are the _______, which is used to create a _____ by plotting ln Keq vs. 1/T.
Ultimately, ____ is calculated using the slope (ΔH/R). - Answers Van't Hoff equation, Arrhenius
plot, ΔH
_____ is measured by _____ calorimetry, during which a _____ is produced by plotting d(#
bonds)/dT vs. T. - Answers heat capacity, differential scanning, calorimetry peak
k = A exp(-Eact/RT) is ________, which describes how the _______ is related to temperature. -
Answers Arrhenius equation, rate constant (k)
When the strands of DNA separate in a process known as ______ a duplex becomes single
strands. This process can go in reverse as well, _____________. - Answers denaturation, single
strand to duplex
Hypochromicity is used to study ________ _______. Using Beer's Law, A = -log (I/I₀) = εcl, where A
= ________, I = _______, c = molar concentration of the _____ we can determine the net _______
using A = f Ads + (1-f) Ass. - Answers single strand to duplex equilibrium, absorbance, light
intensities, chromophore, absorbance
During NMR, _________ measure the degree of electron-dependent ____________ of a hydrogen in
a hydrogen bond. - Answers NMR chemical shifts, deshielding
Three types of hydrogen bonds exist: regular, low, and no barrier. ________________________ and
were studied in the context of the _____ in _____. The energy provided drives the charge relay of
the ______. - Answers LBHB froms between histidine and serine, catalytic triad, serine proteases,
catalytic triad
HEAT AND WORK are _______, which are the opposite of _____, which must sum to zero in a
closed cycle. - Answers path-dependent functions, state functions
r =cLB= (pcLF)/ (Kd+cLF) is the ___________, where r = binding function. By rearranging this
A _____ protein known as ____ contains 3 AMINO ACIDS that undergo an oxidative reaction to
form an intense _____ fluorophore. This protein is remarkably useful because the fluorophore is
_____. Importantly, GFP can be attached to form a ____ with a second protein of interest during
standard cloning procedures. - Answers β-barrel, GFP, intrinsic, encoded in the amino acid
sequence, fusion protein
_____ is a support medium that has two functions: 1) prevents molecules from diffusing into
broad bands 2) provides a sieving material that obstructs the movement of larger particles
more than smaller ones, allowing them to separate.
The term _______ refers to a specific gel layer technique that "focuses" a protein band. The
mechanism involves creating a large voltage gradient between Cl- and the _____ in a later called
the _______, which has a reduced pH. - Answers Polyacrylamide, discontinuous gel, glycinate
zwitterion, stacking gel
The following equation is the analytical version of the principle of ______________________
the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or
concentrations of the reactants
ΔG= ΔG₀ + RTlnQ, where Q=[C][D]/[A][B] - Answers mass action
What emphasizes the relative contributions of enthalpic and entropic energies to the
stabilization of globular proteins? - Answers hydrophobic effect
What does ΔG stand for? - Answers standard state free energy
What is calculated by the following equation?
K = [products] / [reactants] - Answers equilibrium constant
H = U + PV
Describes the energy absorbed/released during the making/breaking of bonds. - Answers
Enthalpy (ΔH)
,ΔH describes the energy associated with ______. - Answers bond breakage/dissociation
The term ΔS refers to _____, which is defined as ______. - Answers entropy, number of available
configurations
_______ are dependent only on the total concentration of a solute species. Examples include
pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. -
Answers colligative properties
_______ is the phenomena by which H₂O tries to dilute the counterions that are bound to the
macromolecule. This makes the concentration of H₂O higher near the molecule than in the bulk
solution. This results in the property of _____ in which a charged protein or nucleic acid contains
an electrostricted ion-H₂O shell. - Answers Donan effect, electrostriction
colligative properties may also be related
________ defines the concentration dependence of ΔG. One example is that it drives osmotic
pressure.
μ = ΔG/Δn = ΔG/(ΔcV) - Answers chemical potenial
________ definitions and their equations are used to describe a derivative when one or more
other variables are held constant - Answers partial differentials
ΔU = q + w
where ΔU refers to the _____ of a ______, as contributed to by ______ (q) and work (w). The
amount of energy it takes to go from one state to another.
ΔU = TΔS + uΔn - PΔV - Answers internal energy, system, heat
_____ (___) has the dimensions of energy and can be used to calculate ______ using the following
equation:
¹/₂ KbT, where Kb = 1.381x10^-23 JK^-1 - Answers Boltzman's contant (Kb), degrees of freedom
Q = Σj cj = Σj exp (-ΔGj/RT) describes _______, which is the ratio of concentrations of a
compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore a
, measure of the difference in solubility of the compound in these two phases.
Example of this is dissolving benzene in H₂O (Csw) vs. oil (Cso) or the difference between an AA
presence in water or benzene to determine its hydrophobicity/philicity - Answers partition
coefficient
d ln Keq / d (1/T) = -ΔH°/R
ln Keq = -ΔH/RT + ΔS/R
The above equations are the _______, which is used to create a _____ by plotting ln Keq vs. 1/T.
Ultimately, ____ is calculated using the slope (ΔH/R). - Answers Van't Hoff equation, Arrhenius
plot, ΔH
_____ is measured by _____ calorimetry, during which a _____ is produced by plotting d(#
bonds)/dT vs. T. - Answers heat capacity, differential scanning, calorimetry peak
k = A exp(-Eact/RT) is ________, which describes how the _______ is related to temperature. -
Answers Arrhenius equation, rate constant (k)
When the strands of DNA separate in a process known as ______ a duplex becomes single
strands. This process can go in reverse as well, _____________. - Answers denaturation, single
strand to duplex
Hypochromicity is used to study ________ _______. Using Beer's Law, A = -log (I/I₀) = εcl, where A
= ________, I = _______, c = molar concentration of the _____ we can determine the net _______
using A = f Ads + (1-f) Ass. - Answers single strand to duplex equilibrium, absorbance, light
intensities, chromophore, absorbance
During NMR, _________ measure the degree of electron-dependent ____________ of a hydrogen in
a hydrogen bond. - Answers NMR chemical shifts, deshielding
Three types of hydrogen bonds exist: regular, low, and no barrier. ________________________ and
were studied in the context of the _____ in _____. The energy provided drives the charge relay of
the ______. - Answers LBHB froms between histidine and serine, catalytic triad, serine proteases,
catalytic triad
HEAT AND WORK are _______, which are the opposite of _____, which must sum to zero in a
closed cycle. - Answers path-dependent functions, state functions
r =cLB= (pcLF)/ (Kd+cLF) is the ___________, where r = binding function. By rearranging this
