WGU 785 FINAL EXAM 2024/2025.
Hemophilia Pedigree - Father has hemophilia, mother does not. What is the outcome
for their kids? - ANSWER His daughters would be carriers. This is x-link recessive.
Autosomal:
Dominant: - ANSWER Autosomal: males and females equally affected.
Dominant: non-carrier parents
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - ANSWER The process of copying DNA in the
lab. Uses Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA
primers.
3 Steps of PCR - ANSWER 1. Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95C to separate it.
2. Annealing: reaction is cooled to 50C; primers stick to the DNA you want to copy
and add DNA polymerase.
3. Elongation: reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase, adding nucleotides
building a new DNA strand.
Base Excision Repair (BER) - ANSWER How you repair a mutation. BER is used to
repair damage to a base caused by harmful molecules. You remove the base that is
damaged and replace it. *BER removes a single nucleotide*
DNA glycolsylase - sees damaged DNA and removes it.
DNA polymerase-puts the right one back in while DNA ligase seals it.
Mismatch repair (MMR) occurs during: - ANSWER replication. DNA polymerase
proofreads but sometimes a mismatch pair gets through. MMR removes a large
section of the nucleotides from the new DNA and DNA polymerase tries again. (Ex:
C-T instead of C-A)
Mismatch Repair corrects what kind of DNA damage? - ANSWER When a base is
mismatched due to errors in replication. Such as G-T instead of G-C. DNA
polymerase comes by and fixes it.
What happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA? - ANSWER
TRANSCRIPTION! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches
them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA
primer to work.
What is needed for DNA replication? - ANSWER DNA polymerase
Nonsense Mutation - ANSWER Change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
Stop= nonsense because it is no more.
Silent Mutation - ANSWER Change in 1 nucleotide but codes for the same amino
acid. Silent= the change doesn't change the name of the protein
Missense Mutation - ANSWER Change in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for a
different amino acid. Missense = mistake was made.
What happends during RNA splicing? - ANSWER During RNA splicing introns are
cut out, the remaining exons are joined together.
, WGU 785 FINAL EXAM 2024/2025.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
Find the DNA template strand. - ANSWER 3'TAC TCA GAG AGA 5'
The DNA template strand is complimentary. So start with the opposite number, then
go L-R with the complimentary letter.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
What is the corresonding mRNA sequence? - ANSWER 5'AUG AGU CUC UCU 3'
This sequence is the same as the coding strand except T changes to U because it is
RNA. RNA doesn't have T.
How would a mutation from CTC to ATC affect the protein sequence? (CTC/ATC -
coding strand, AUC - mRNA strand) - ANSWER This will make a missense mutation
because it changes the name of the protein. (look at the chart provided.) missense =
mistake
DNA replication process - ANSWER DNA ->Transcription -> RNA -> Translation ->
Polypeptide
Describe how you would find what ionized Alanine looks like. - ANSWER This is an
amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid that has
CH3. It is a weak interaction. An ionized acid will have a + or - charge.
Describe what causes the misfolding of protein in Alzheimer's Disease. - ANSWER
Protein misfolding is caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular plaques (senile
plaques) caused by abnormal protein aggregation.
TAU is fibrous material inside cells where the connections are lost. This becomes
defective and forms filaments in the neuron.
Amyloid-Beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta creates
senile plaques. This starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Describe the process of neurodegenerative protein aggregation. - ANSWER
Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of
aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another characterisitc of Alzheimer's. However,
neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before amyloid fibers
accumulate in the brain.
What are the molecules that help denatured proteins with folding? - ANSWER
Molecular chaperones are protein helpers. They bind to the newly made polypeptide
and enable proper folding. Proper protein folding is vital b/c proteins that do not fold
properly can lead to a variety of diseases. Normally, the chaperones that help new
proteins fold can also help misfolded proteins refold into the correct structure.
Genetic mutations that substitute one amino acid for another can cause incorrect
folding.
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANSWER 1. Primary-chain of amino
acids. PEPTIDE bonds form a polypeptide chain. This is a covalent bond (very
strong) and does not denature.
2. Secondary-alpha helix and beta sheet. HYDROGEN bonds that contain the
carboxyl group and amino groups. Denatured by salt and pH change.
Hemophilia Pedigree - Father has hemophilia, mother does not. What is the outcome
for their kids? - ANSWER His daughters would be carriers. This is x-link recessive.
Autosomal:
Dominant: - ANSWER Autosomal: males and females equally affected.
Dominant: non-carrier parents
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - ANSWER The process of copying DNA in the
lab. Uses Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA
primers.
3 Steps of PCR - ANSWER 1. Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95C to separate it.
2. Annealing: reaction is cooled to 50C; primers stick to the DNA you want to copy
and add DNA polymerase.
3. Elongation: reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase, adding nucleotides
building a new DNA strand.
Base Excision Repair (BER) - ANSWER How you repair a mutation. BER is used to
repair damage to a base caused by harmful molecules. You remove the base that is
damaged and replace it. *BER removes a single nucleotide*
DNA glycolsylase - sees damaged DNA and removes it.
DNA polymerase-puts the right one back in while DNA ligase seals it.
Mismatch repair (MMR) occurs during: - ANSWER replication. DNA polymerase
proofreads but sometimes a mismatch pair gets through. MMR removes a large
section of the nucleotides from the new DNA and DNA polymerase tries again. (Ex:
C-T instead of C-A)
Mismatch Repair corrects what kind of DNA damage? - ANSWER When a base is
mismatched due to errors in replication. Such as G-T instead of G-C. DNA
polymerase comes by and fixes it.
What happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA? - ANSWER
TRANSCRIPTION! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches
them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA
primer to work.
What is needed for DNA replication? - ANSWER DNA polymerase
Nonsense Mutation - ANSWER Change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
Stop= nonsense because it is no more.
Silent Mutation - ANSWER Change in 1 nucleotide but codes for the same amino
acid. Silent= the change doesn't change the name of the protein
Missense Mutation - ANSWER Change in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for a
different amino acid. Missense = mistake was made.
What happends during RNA splicing? - ANSWER During RNA splicing introns are
cut out, the remaining exons are joined together.
, WGU 785 FINAL EXAM 2024/2025.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
Find the DNA template strand. - ANSWER 3'TAC TCA GAG AGA 5'
The DNA template strand is complimentary. So start with the opposite number, then
go L-R with the complimentary letter.
5'ATG AGT CTC TCT 3'
What is the corresonding mRNA sequence? - ANSWER 5'AUG AGU CUC UCU 3'
This sequence is the same as the coding strand except T changes to U because it is
RNA. RNA doesn't have T.
How would a mutation from CTC to ATC affect the protein sequence? (CTC/ATC -
coding strand, AUC - mRNA strand) - ANSWER This will make a missense mutation
because it changes the name of the protein. (look at the chart provided.) missense =
mistake
DNA replication process - ANSWER DNA ->Transcription -> RNA -> Translation ->
Polypeptide
Describe how you would find what ionized Alanine looks like. - ANSWER This is an
amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid that has
CH3. It is a weak interaction. An ionized acid will have a + or - charge.
Describe what causes the misfolding of protein in Alzheimer's Disease. - ANSWER
Protein misfolding is caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular plaques (senile
plaques) caused by abnormal protein aggregation.
TAU is fibrous material inside cells where the connections are lost. This becomes
defective and forms filaments in the neuron.
Amyloid-Beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-beta creates
senile plaques. This starts in the hippocampus and moves up.
Describe the process of neurodegenerative protein aggregation. - ANSWER
Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of
aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another characterisitc of Alzheimer's. However,
neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before amyloid fibers
accumulate in the brain.
What are the molecules that help denatured proteins with folding? - ANSWER
Molecular chaperones are protein helpers. They bind to the newly made polypeptide
and enable proper folding. Proper protein folding is vital b/c proteins that do not fold
properly can lead to a variety of diseases. Normally, the chaperones that help new
proteins fold can also help misfolded proteins refold into the correct structure.
Genetic mutations that substitute one amino acid for another can cause incorrect
folding.
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANSWER 1. Primary-chain of amino
acids. PEPTIDE bonds form a polypeptide chain. This is a covalent bond (very
strong) and does not denature.
2. Secondary-alpha helix and beta sheet. HYDROGEN bonds that contain the
carboxyl group and amino groups. Denatured by salt and pH change.
