PSYC 205 Test Bank Exam Questions with Correct Answers.

PSYC 205 Test Bank Exam Questions with Correct Answers 10. Which of the following statements is most accurate? a) Some examples of animal 'teaching' appear to fit the current operational definition of teaching. b) It is commonly accepted that the current operational definition of 'teaching' captures the key components of human teaching. c) Meerkat 'teaching behavior' includes information regarding how to kill prey. d) Comparative cognition research indicates that 'teaching' is not a key component to the cumulative culture of human populations. - Correct Answers: a 9. In 1999, Whiten and colleagues proposed three essential criteria for determining whether a behavior might be best described as a cultural variant that differs across populations of a species. These include all of the following except a) The behavior of interest should be present in some populations of a species but absent in others. b) There should be no reason to think that genetic differences could account for population differences in the behavior of interest. c) The behavior of interest should be considered to be the outcome of social learning. d) The behavior of interest should be present in only some families (i.e., kin groups) with a population. - Correct Answers: d 8. Given the research by Horner and Whiten (2005) using opaque and transparent boxes that contained rewards (described in the text), all of the following statements are supported except a) Chimpanzees do not engage in high fidelity imitation in any situations that have been observed thus far. b) For chimpanzees, when the causal structure of a task is clear, emulation may occur more readily than imitation. c) Human children are more strongly biased to imitate, regardless of the transparency of a causal structure. d) Human children are more likely than chimpanzees to 'overimitate' in situations in which they can observe the physical, causal properties of an apparatus. - Correct Answers: a 7. After observing a member of his group use a stone to crack open a nut, the observing chimpanzee recognizes the end- state of the actions (to obtain nuts) and uses the same actions as the observed chimpanzee. This type of social learning would typically be called a) Imitation b) End-state emulation c) Mimicry d) Enhancement - Correct Answers: a 6. Researchers have proposed that there are certain characteristics of the demonstrator(s) in relation to the observer make the former's actions more likely to be copied. These characteristics lead to 'strategies' for social learning that include all of the following except a) Copy individuals who are actually successful and productive. b) Copy individuals who other members of the group are observing. c) Copy behaviors that the majority of the group are doing. d) Copy lower ranked individuals who have engaged in asocial learning. - Correct Answers: d 5. In some cases of social learning, the identity of the demonstrator increases his or her salience for an observing individual. This has been called a) Observational conditioning b) Enhancement c) Directed social learning d) Conformity - Correct Answers: c 4. What best describes the behavior of isolated male song birds who do not have exposure to other birds during the first year of life? a) After approximately 9 months, they produce crystallized song b) Withinthefirstfewmonths,theyproduceanisolatesong c) Within the first few months, they produce a plastic song d) After approximately 12 months, they cease to produce song - Correct Answers: b 3. One day, a two-year-old child sees his father place a bag of apples on a scale at the grocery store. Right after, the child happily puts a bag of fruit on the scale. This is an example of a) Emulation b) Imitation c) Mimicry d) Observational conditioning - Correct Answers: c 2. Which of the following are examples of social learning? a) Stimulus enhancement b) Observational conditioning c) Imitation d) All of the above - Correct Answers: d 1. As detailed in the textbook, circumstances in which individuals may start to learn from others' behavior include all of the following except a) If one's established behavior becomes unproductive, individuals should switch to copy the behavior of others. b) If the environment is rapidly changing, individuals should engage in social learning. c) Individuals should engage in social learning when the costs of asocial learning are high. d) Social learning should occur more when the potential demonstrators share the same environment as the potential learner. - Correct Answers: b 10. Which of the following does not characterize Nim Chimpsky's use of American Sign Language? a) He responded correctly to instructions to perform novel actions (e.g., "Put the ball in the refrigerator"). b) Many of his strings of signs consisted of repeated words. c) His average 'utterance' length remained small relative to that of developing children. d) Many of Nim's signs were repetitions of signs that the trainer had just made. - Correct Answers: a 9. Which of the following has not been used to support the claim that primate lip- smacking may be an evolutionary precursor to human speech? a) Lip-smacking has a 3-8 Hz rhythm which is similar to the periodicity of integral aspects of speech in many human languages. b) The rhythm of gelada monkey vocalized lip-smacks (i.e., 'wobbles') closely matches that of human speech. c) The rhythm of lip-smacking is unique among primate mouth movements and vocalizations. d) Lip-smackingispresentinOldWorld,butnotNewWorld,monkeys. - Correct Answers: d 8. Which of the following is evidence that supports the claim that signature whistles play a role in individual recognition in bottlenose dolphins? a) Signature whistles mark the beginning of play-fighting. b) Individuals create elaborate signature whistles as a form of honest signaling or 'handicapping'. c) Individuals will produce their own signature whistle when meeting other individuals. d) Signature whistles are often mimicked by other individuals in order to obtain access to feeding sites. - Correct Answers: c 7. Which of the following statements would not typically be used to support the claim that the FoxP2 gene is involved in bird song learning? a) When zebra finches are engaged in song learning, FoxP2 is upregulated in the same regions of the brain that had previously been assumed to be associated with song learning. b) Inzebrafinches,onlymaleslearnsongsthroughexposuretothe songs of other males in their group. c) Interfering with FoxP2 expression in young zebra finches results in incomplete and inaccurate song learning. d) All of the statements support this claim. - Correct Answers: b 6. One particularly fascinating observation from the study of Sarah the chimpanzee, who was trained with plastic shapes that represented words, was that: a) She showed 'fast mapping' when associating new plastic shapes with new words. b) She associated signs from American Sign Language with the plastic shapes. c) If shown a red apple and a banana, she would choose a plastic shape that represented the number "2" d) Ifshownaredappleandthesymbolfor'colorof',shewouldchoose a plastic shape previously associated with the color red. - Correct Answers: d 5. Which of the following is incorrect, given research to date? a) Both human boys and girls will engage in play fighting, or 'rough-and- tumble' play. b) Play fighting in rats elevates levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (a growth factor) in the amygdala and dorsolateral frontal cortex. c) Typically, as long as they have other types of social interactions within the first 20 days of life, rats deprived of play fighting will show normal social competence. d) Typically, the period of development in which human rough-and-tumble play between children and parents is most common corresponds with the development of frontal lobe functioning, - Correct Answers: c 4. Which of the following statements is inaccurate? a) Deceptive signaling indicates that a species has a 'theory of mind'. b) For some species, the cost of ignoring real alarm calls likely outweighs the cost of responding to false alarms. c) Diana monkeys respond with alarm calls to the alarm screams of chimpanzees with whom they share a common predator, but they do not respond to the social screams of chimpanzees. d) Vocal mimicry can allow for deceptive signaling. - Correct Answers: a 3. The waggle dance of bees contains information about the distance and direction of a food location. Distance information is conveyed through the a) Angle of the dance to the vertical b) Rapidity of the 'waggle' of the dance c) Number of times the dance is completed d) Lengthofthe'run'ofthedance - Correct Answers: d 2. Human language has the property of recursion. This relates to the fact that: a) We can embed clauses within clauses. b) We consider the mental states of listeners. c) We can talk about objects or events that occurred in the past. d) We intend to provide information to others. - Correct Answers: a 1. The term that characterizes a communication system in which an unpalatable species has coloration, odors, or warning sounds that signal their danger to potential predators is a) Batesian mimicry b) Aposematism c) Audience effect d) Kinesis - Correct Answers: b Which of the following statements is the most inaccurate? a) In rats, maternal responses to a pup's distress calls have been shown to indicate that the mother attributes distress/anxiety to the pup. b) The interaction between rat pup distress calls and maternal responses has been considered as a model for separation anxiety in human infants. c) Rat pup distress calls may be a vocal byproduct of compression of the abdomen due to cold exposure. d) After hearing a pup's distress call, a rat mother's response functions to reduce the pup's distress by retrieving the pup and bringing it back to the nest. - Correct Answers: a 9. Johnson et al. (2010) repeatedly showed human infants the following animated scene until they habituated: a small circle and a large circle were separated on a hillside at which time the small circle emitted a cry. Infants then watched two test events, one in which the larger circle approached the smaller circle, and one in which the larger circle moved away from the smaller circle. Which behavior best describes the looking behavior of infants in the test trials? a) Securely attached infants looked longer when the large circle approached the smaller circle. b) Insecurely attached infants looked longer when the large circle moved away from the smaller circle. c) Insecurely attached infants looked longer when the large circle approached the smaller circle. d) Securely attached infants looked equally at both test events. - Correct Answers: c Which of the following statements about oxytocin is incorrect? a) In rats, oxytocin is related to nest building behaviors b) Variants in the genes coding for the oxytocin receptor may correspond to differences in sharing behavior in humans. c) Oxytocin is a neurohormone. d) In humans, oxytocin is a factor only in kin-directed prosocial behavior. - Correct Answers: d 7. The risk of cheaters increases when the group size increases, particularly if the outcome of the cooperation is publicly available in the sense that individuals who did not take part in the cooperative activities can access the benefits. This concept is typically referred to as a) Inequity Aversion b) The tragedy of the commons c) Inequality aversion d) Group hunting - Correct Answers: b 6. In research with nonhuman primates, which term refers to feelings of concern for others stemming from understanding their feelings? a) Consolation b) Empathy c) Sympathy d) Emotional contagion - Correct Answers: c 5. Which of the following is incorrect, given research to date? a) Punishment for not sharing in a fair manner is found in both humans and chimpanzees. b) In capuchin monkeys, inequity aversion is, at best, limited to situations of unfairness to oneself c) For chimpanzees, there is no evidence of sharing in experiments using the dictator game. d) In the wild, there is ample observation of food sharing among relatives in cooperatively breeding species. - Correct Answers: a 4. Which of the following statement is most accurate? a) Among primates, only humans and callitrichid species have thus far been observed to engage in proactive food sharing b) Across the nonhuman animal species tested, chimpanzees show the most frequent sharing of food with kin c) Among primates, only humans and callitrichid species have thus far been observed to engage in passive food sharing d) Among primates, only humans have thus far been observed to engage in proactive food sharing. - Correct Answers: a 3. In the laboratory, you test 18-month-old human children and young chimpanzees in a similar task: you 'accidently' drop an object and then reach for it. You observe and record the actions of the children and chimpanzees for up to 10 seconds after you reach for the object. Given the results of Warneken and Tomasello (2006), you will likely observe that a) Chimpanzees, but not young children, pick up the object and give it to you b) Only the young children will pick up the object and give it to you c) At this age, both chimpanzees and children will keep the dropped object for themselves d) Boththechimpanzeesandchildrenwilltypicallypickuptheobject and give it to you - Correct Answers: d 2. Of the following, the best way to characterize mutualism is: a) Help those who are related to you. b) YouscratchmybackwhileIscratchyourback. c) Pay back helpful acts over delays. d) Help those who have helped others in the past. - Correct Answers: b 1. Hamilton's mathematical formulation for inclusive fitness takes into account a) Only direct fitness b) Only one's own offspring c) Indirect and direct fitness d) Reproductive fitness and reproductive success - Correct Answers: c 10. From the chapter on social competence, what cognitive mechanism(s) might underlie the ability to recognize dominance structures? a) formation of equivalence classes b) a memory system that allows for chunking c) a memory system that allows for reciprocity and ordinality d) formationofequivalenceclassesandamemorysystemthatallows for chunking - Correct Answers: d Which of the following is an example of redirected aggression? a) After threatening Monkey B, Monkey A shows aggression toward his own kin. b) After being threatened by Monkey A, Monkey B threatens a relative of Monkey A. c) After being threatened by Monkey A, Monkey B shows aggression toward Monkey A d) After being threatened by Monkey A, Monkey B turns his back and engages in eating behavior. - Correct Answers: b 8. You test two groups of western scrub jays. In Group 1, the jays had to cache food in private, without any other jays watching. In Group 2, the jays were able to cache food in the presence of other jays that were dominant to them. Then, jays from both groups are given access to the cached food while no other birds are present. Given the results of Dally et al. (2006), what do you expect to observe? a) The jays in Group 2 will move the cached food to new locations more so than the jays in Group 1. b) The jays in Group 1 will move the cached food to new locations more so than the jays in Group 2. c) The jays in Group 1 will engage in more species-specific mobbing behavior than the jays in Group 2. d) The jays in Group 2 will engage in more species-specific mobbing behavior than the jays in Group 1. - Correct Answers: a 7. Neurons in the premotor cortex that fire when monkeys reach for and grasp objects, and also fire when the monkey observes another monkey doing the same action, are called. a) Medial prefrontal neurons b) Temporal parietal junction neurons c) Mirror neurons d) Mimicry neurons - Correct Answers: c 6. Chimpanzees in Group A see the following scenario: an experimenter looks at the chimpanzee, picks up a grape, places it near the chimpanzee, but the grape unexpectedly rolls out of reach of chimpanzee. Chimpanzees in Group B see a different set of events: an experimenter looks at the chimpanzee, picks up a grape and places it far away from the chimpanzee participant. Given the results of Call et al. (2004), what behavior do you expect to observe? a) Chimpanzees in both groups become agitated with the experimenter and leave the testing room because the grape could not be eaten. b) Chimpanzees in Group B, but not Group A, become agitated with the experimenter and leave the testing room because for Group B, the experimenter was unwilling to give the grape. c) Chimpanzees in Group B, but not Group A, become agitated with the experimenter and leave the testing room because of an underlying inequity bias. d) Chimpanzees - Correct Answers: b 5. Tina, a five-year-old human child, is shown a Cheerios box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend, Timothy, will think upon seeing the box for the first time, Tina will most likely say that Timothy will think it contains: a) Cheerios b) marbles c) pencils d) beads - Correct Answers: a 4. Which of the following observations of behavior does not consider the mental states that might underlie the behavior? a) She ordered chocolate ice cream instead of strawberry because she did not like fruit-flavored desserts. b) The child carried the cup to the table, placed it gently on the placemat, and smiled while thinking, "I didn't spill! I'm a big boy!" c) She ordered chocolate ice cream because she did not know that strawberry was available. d) The child carried the cup to the table, placed it gently on the placemat, and said, "I didn't spill! I'm a big boy!" - Correct Answers: d 3. In the 1970s, Gallup had certain assumptions and conclusions regarding mirror self recognition. These included all of the following except: a) only apes and humans show self recognition b) self recognition is related to Theory of Mind c) recognizing oneself in a mirror implies a concept of self d) mirrorneuronsunderliemirrorself-recognition - Correct Answers: d 2. Pascalis and colleagues found that 6- and 9-month-old human infants distinguished among photographs of different human faces, but only the younger age group could also distinguish among a set of monkey faces. This type of developmental process is often referred to as: a) Speciesism b) Conspecific focusing c) Perceptual narrowing d) Adaptive perception - Correct Answers: c 1. All but which one of the following research findings provides evidence for early detection of biological motion in chicks: a) newly-hatched chicks look at depictions of hen faces more than non- face stimuli b) newly-hatched chicks look at point-light depictions of hens more than randomly moving point-light stimuli c) newly-hatched chicks look at point-light depictions of cats more than randomly moving point-light stimuli d) newly-hatched chicks look at randomly moving point-lights more than point-light depictions of hens - Correct Answers: a 23. The prototype theory of concept formation a) has been demonstrated in all animals tested to date. b) proposes that novel exemplars are more important than familiar exemplars during categorization. c) proposes that categorization involves a comparison with new exemplars to a model of ideal member of the category. d) can be tested in pigeons using either tones or lights but not smells. - Correct Answers: c 22. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of kin recognition? a) The prevention of inbreeding. b) Recognizing potential mates. c) Ensuring valued resources go to offspring. d) Categorization of conspecifics and heterospecifics. - Correct Answers: d 21. What theory of concept formation would place items in the same category based on the fact that are all round, and small, and bounce? a) Exemplar theory. b) Prototype theory. c) Elemental theory. d) Collective theory. - Correct Answers: c 20. In a social colony with a diverse genetic background such as a beehive, what form of recognition system would evolution favor? a) Kin based recognition. b) Nest-mate based recognition. c) Individual recognition. d) Collective recognition. - Correct Answers: b 19. The notes a songbird uses to communicate is an example of a) functional categorization. b) perceptual categorization. c) natural categorization. d) musical categorization. - Correct Answers: c 18. Which of the following is not a type of social categorization? a) Conspecific recognition. b) Parent-offspring recognition. c) Unfamiliar kin recognition. d) Facial recognition. - Correct Answers: d 17. Which of the following statements is false with respect to face recognition? a) The occipital face area is involved in identifying the unique features of an individual. b) Facial recognition is not strongly correlated with visual or verbal recognition. c) Limbic structures, such as the amygdala, play a key role in facial recognition. d) Prosopagnosia results from impairments in sensory system functioning. - Correct Answers: d 16. Which is not true of categorization? a) It is the cognitive process of classifying items or events into groups based on one or more common features. b) Linnaeus' taxonomy is an example of categorization. c) Its proposed evolutionary significance is that is reduces mental resources. d) It is distinguishing items or events based on one or more distinct features. - Correct Answers: d 15. Which is not true of kin recognition? a) Kin recognition avoids inbreeding. b) Filial imprinting, a form of kin recognition, involves both a biological and an environmental component. c) Recognition of unfamiliar kin involves chemical signals, whether genetic or environmental. d) In social animals, such as apes, kin recognition is nearly perfect because they live in large groups and evolutionary pressures forced them to recognize a large number of kin. - Correct Answers: d 14. Stimulus generalization tests are often used to study which form of categorization? a) Perceptual. b) Functional. c) Relational. d) Social. - Correct Answers: a 13. What is a common method for studying the neural basis of categorization in the human brain? a) Comparing patients who aren't able to recognize living or non-living with normal control subjects. b) Comparing how humans and animals acquire different categorization abilities. c) Studying the age at which children can discriminate between living a nd non-living things. d) Neuroimaging studies with normal control subjects. - Correct Answers: d 12. Which is not one way of grouping similar things? a) Social categorization. b) Relational categorization. c) Perceptual categorization. d) Semantic categorization. - Correct Answers: d 11. Which of the following would be a good way to assess the structure of natural categories? a) Compare the time to respond (reaction time) to items that are and are not part of the natural category. b) Compare how well different species can categorize items in natural categories. c) Measure the number of elements for items that are and are not in a natural category. d) Count natural and non-natural categories in the natural environment. - Correct Answers: a 10. What evidence from the readings suggests that the amount of generalization to novel stimuli can be altered through experience? a) After being trained to respond to red lights, lights with more similar wave lengths cause more responding than those with less similar wavelengths. b) After being trained to respond in the presence of a 1000 hz tone and white light, pigeons will not respond to anything above or below a 1000 hz tone. c) After being trained to respond when a 1000 hz tone is present, but not when it is absent, pigeons show sharper generalization gradients than if they were trained with the 1000 hz tone present through training. d) After being trained to respond on three different keys, pigeons show steeper generalization gradients than those trained to respond on two different keys. - Correct Answers: c 9. In the classic study by Hernstein and Loveland, pigeons were trained to peck one of four keys when a picture of a person, flower, chair or car was presented on a screen. Correct responses were reinforced on a VI schedule of reinforcement, inducing high rates of responding. Why did the researchers conclude that this phenomenon could not be explained by memorization? a) When a novel picture was presented, pigeons categorized correctly. b) Pigeons peck at the same high rate when a novel picture of a new stimulus category is presented. c) When pigeons undergo a memory task, they recognize the pictures of humans but not cars. d) When pigeons were tested with 'pseudocategories', they could not discriminate people from chairs. - Correct Answers: a 8. Three-year old Charlie sees a furry little animal hopping along his front lawn. He squeals excitedly and points to the animal. His mother looks at him, points at the animal and says 'squirrel". Later in the day, Charlie points to the neighbor's dog and yells "squirrel"! Which of the following statements is true? a) Charlie categorizes furry animals as squirrels. b) Charlie can't tell the difference between the features of a dog and the features of a squirrel. c) Charlie's concept of "squirrel" includes dogs. d) aandc. - Correct Answers: d 7. Damage to the ________ of the left inferior temporal cortex disrupts the ability to identify and categorize________. a) anterior regions; inanimate objects b) posterior regions; living things c) lateral regions; living things d) posterior regions; inanimate objects - Correct Answers: d 6. Which of the following theories describe a process that is not an efficient way to form concepts after the initial stages of concept formation? a) Elemental theory. b) Exemplar theory. c) Prototype theory. d) all of the above. - Correct Answers: b 5. Which of the following is not a mechanism of kin recognition? a) Chemical signaling. b) Filial imprinting. c) Natal philopatry. d) Phenotypic matching. - Correct Answers: c 4. The textbook describes experiment evidence that_______ can form relational categories. a) bees b) chimpanzees c) monkeys d) genetically modified mice - Correct Answers: b 3. A pseudocategory is a) a random collection of items that has no obvious cohesive feature. b) a collection of items that has common perceptual features but not functional or relational features c) a collection of items that is not a natural category d) collection of items that is categorized differently by different subjects. - Correct Answers: a 2. What does a flat stimulus generalization gradient indicate? a) Subjects cannot distinguish the sensory properties of different test stimuli. b) Subjects have not learned to differentiate training and test stimuli. c) Subjects cannot generalize a learned category. d) aorb. - Correct Answers: d 1. Categorization a) requires knowing the abstract set of rules that define the category. b) is the process of classifying items or events into groups based on one or more common features. c) is the process of distinguishing items of events based on one or more distinct features. d) all of the above are true. - Correct Answers: b 22. The Somatic Marker hypothesis a) suggests that decision making is influenced by physiological responses to emotional stimuli. b) describes how emotions disrupt decision making. c) is commonly tested in animals foraging in the natural environment. d) represents the subjective value of a behavioral outcome. - Correct Answers: a 21. The Iowa Gambling Task a) measures impulsivity in lab rats. b) is used to diagnosis memory deficits in brain damaged patients. c) reveals better decision making in ecological situations. d) shows that emotional decision making can occur without conscious awareness of contingencies. - Correct Answers: d 20. Ecological rationality a) is based on the idea that animals make decisions collectively. b) cannot explain human decision making outside of the natural environment. c) explains which strategy is better in a particular environmental context. d) is the best explanation for individual differences in decision making. - Correct Answers: c 19. Marginal value theorem a) was developed to explain why animals forage in patches. b) fits an optimization model. c) suggests that the decision to move to a new patch differs across species. d) assumes that animals know the payoff in each patch. - Correct Answers: b 18. A fundamental assumption of optimal foraging theory is that a) net energy gain is associated with fitness. b) animals will work harder for food when dominant animals are present. c) predator animals are biased to selecting intermediate-sized prey. d) return foraging trips use more energy than outgoing foraging trips. - Correct Answers: a 17. Optimal foraging theory a) explains how individuals distribute themselves across food sources. b) applies primarily to central place foragers. c) states that organisms forage in a way that maximizes net energy gain over time. d) equates reinforcement payoff with workload. - Correct Answers: c 16. The matching law states that a) the proportion of responses on one alternative matches the reinforcement rate of that alternative. b) the proportion of reinforcement on one alternative is determined by the proportion of responding on that alternative. c) animals allocate time and energy resources according to the payoff from each alternative. d) a and c. - Correct Answers: d 15. Harper and his colleagues (1982) set up an experiment in which they threw pieces of bread to ducks in the Cambridge pond at different rates. The purpose of this experiment was to examine a) how animals distribute themselves across food sources. b) whether the super duck phenomenon explains the distribution of animals at different feeding sites. c) whether animals can make choices about which food sources provide the best payoff. d) whether animals can distinguish the rate from the amount of food distribution at each feeding site. - Correct Answers: a 14. Economic decisions regarding foraging behavior are likely to be made according to which of the following criteria? a) The cost to the animal in terms of energy spent. b) Current environmental factors (e.g., temperature). c) The variability of the outcome. d) All of the above. - Correct Answers: d 13. The course readings describe an experiment by Kacelnik (1984) that examined quantifiable loading curves for starling parents feeding their young. What was the primary finding in this study? a) The parents were able to modify their foraging strategy for food sources at longer distances, but did so in a way that was not optimal. b) The parents were unable or unwilling to modify their foraging strategy for food sources at longer distances. c) The parents were able to modify their foraging strategy for food sources at longer distances and did so in a way that was close to optimal. d) The parents were able to modify their foraging strategy for food sources at longer distances but did so for varying reward structures. - Correct Answers: c 12. Humans were trained in a decision making task to push a right-hand button t receive an immediate small reward (one chocolate after a 0 second delay) or a left- hand button to receive a delayed large reward (5 chocolates after a variable delay). The delay to the larger reward was varied from 0 seconds to 2 minutes across 120 trials. Then the delay to the large reward was kept constant at 0 seconds and the value of the large reward was varied from 1 to 12 chocolates across 120 trials (10 trials with each value of the large reward). The first subject showed a consistent preference for the immediate small reward. This probably indicates that the participant a) is impulsive. b) has a right-hand bias. c) has good self-control. d) developed an aversion to smarties over the experiment. - Correct Answers: b 11. In a choice experiment, pigeons are trained to peck a key for a food reward on different schedules of reinforcement. Pecking key A delivers reinforcement on a VR 24 schedules and key B delivers reinforcement on a VR 8 schedule of reinforcement. How would the animals allocate their responses over a 5-min period? a) They should respond exclusively on key B. b) They should respond initially on key A but then respond equally on both keys as that would maximize the rate of reinforcement. c) They should respond exclusively on key A. d) They should make three times as many responses on key B as on key A. - Correct Answers: a The _______ codes reward value and the _______ performs cost/benefit analyses a) anterior cingulate cortex; orbitofrontal cortex. b) ventral striatum; dorsal striatum c) orbitofrontal cortex; anterior cingulate cortex d) dorsal striatum; ventral striatum - Correct Answers: c 9. Computation of utility is mediated in the a) ventral striatum. b) orbitofrontal cortex. c) dorsal striatum. d) ventral medial prefrontal cortex. - Correct Answers: a 8. Which of the following is true regarding emotional decision making? a) Somatic markers emerge in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. b) Emotional states guide behavioral choices. c) Emotions lead to inappropriate decision making. d) Bodily reactions that inform decision making are innate. - Correct Answers: b 7. If an experiment were set up to test ecological rationality in rats using a patch choice paradigm, which of the following options would be presented on a trial? a) pressing the green lever produces 2 pellets after 2 seconds and pressing the blue lever produces 4 pellets after 4 seconds. b) pressing a lever produces 2 pellets after 2 seconds. Pressing the lever again produces 2 pellets after 2 seconds; however, if the rat waits 2 more seconds without pressing, they will receive 2 more pellets. c) pressing the green lever produces 2 pellets after 2 seconds and pressing the blue lever produces 4 pellets after 2 seconds. d) pressing a lever produces 2 pellets after 2 seconds; however, if the rat waits 2 seconds without pressing, they may or may not get 4 more pellets. - Correct Answers: b 6. Which of the following explains why some animals/humans do not exhibit loss aversion? a) Risk sensitivity. b) Sunk cost fallacy. c) Motivational state. d) Availability heuristic. - Correct Answers: d A sunk cost is a) a negative payoff. b) when the energy gained is less than the energy spent. c) money that has been spent on an investment. d) all of the above. - Correct Answers: c According to the matching law, which statement describes undermatching? a) Subjects appear less sensitive to reinforcement payoffs than predicted. b) Undermatching declines with increased training. c) Increasing the cost of switching from one response option to the other minimizes undermatching. d) Subjects appear more sensitive to reinforcement payoffs than predicted. - Correct Answers: a 3. Which of the following is not true regarding the matching law? a) It is the rate of responding on one alternative matches the rate of reinforcement for that alternative. b) It explains choice behavior when responding for each alternative requires a different amount of effort. c) Bias can cause choice behavior to deviate from the matching law d) It explains choice behavior when there is a delay between the response and the reinforcer. - Correct Answers: a 2. Which theory takes into account group foraging? a) Marginal value theorem. b) Ideal free distribution model. c) Optimal foraging theory. d) Collective decision making model. - Correct Answers: b 1. Handling is a) the time it takes to transport food back to a home base. b) the energy it takes to transport food back to a home base. c) the time and energy it takes to extract the food from its source. d) the time and energy it takes to find the food. - Correct Answers: c 24. Homing in pigeons probably does NOT depend on which of the following mechanism? a) Olfactory sense. b) Sun compass. c) Landmark orientation. d) Counting the number of wingbeats since departure. - Correct Answers: d Place cells in the hippocampus a) increase their firing rate when a rat is in a particular location. b) mediate spatial learning, at least in rats. c) are disrupted when animals try to locate a cue in a spatial environment. d) decrease their firing rate when spatial navigation declines. - Correct Answers: a 22. Which of the following has a detrimental effect on a bird's ability to locate its cache site? a) Removal of a landmark immediately beside the cache site. b) Removal of a landmark 1 meter away from the cache site. c) Changing the appearance of a landmark. d) Searching for the cache site at a different time of day. - Correct Answers: c or b ? 21. Which of the following is NOT proof that food-storing birds use spatial memory to recover cached food? a) Their performance when searching for food is much better than chance. b) They demonstrate no decrease in accuracy when their choice of cache site is experimentally constrained. c) They follow a regular route when retrieving cached items. d) They show no decline in accuracy when olfactory cues are removed. - Correct Answers: c 20. Compared to male pine voles and female meadow voles, male meadow voles a) have larger home ranges and bigger hippocampi. b) are easier to train in lab tasks. c) use a smaller proportion of their hippocampus to acquire spatial learning tasks. d) have better spatial abilities outside of their home range. - Correct Answers: a 19. Animals may employ spatial navigation skills to search for a mate by a) defending against competitors and advertising their receptivity within their territory. b) advertising outside of their territory so that they do not need to use resources to defend themselves. c) actively searching for mates beyond their own territory. d) aandc. - Correct Answers: d 18. Studies in rats suggest that dead reckoning is disrupted by lesions to the __________. a) nucleus accumbens b) the dorsal raphe c) the visual system d) the vestibular system - Correct Answers: d 17. Dead reckoning is a) a navigational tool used by animals and humans whereby a record of distance is used to estimate and arrive at their destination. b) a navigational tool used by animals and humans whereby landmarks are the primary source of spatial orientation and goal-directed ambulation. c) the phenomenon of apoptosis of hippocampal place cells. d) an extremely accurate spatial navigation tool based on a celestial bodies, particularly making use of the sun. - Correct Answers: a 16. Pheromones are not a) chemicals used for communication. b) dispensed through the vestibular sense. c) used by animals to promote reproduction. d) used by animals to mark a trail. - Correct Answers: b 15. A rat is trained to find food hidden on the floor half way between two coloured objects. The distance between these two objects is varied across trials. The pattern and location of searching is recorded and compared across trials. What navigational process is being assessed in this experiment? a) environmental geometry. b) cognitive maps. c) single landmark use. d) multiple landmark use. - Correct Answers: a 14. Which of the following is an example of path integration? a) Dessert ants returning to their nest by the most direct and efficient route after foraging along a complex path in an unfamiliar area. b) A pilot successfully navigating at night with only a compass to indicate the direction of travel. c) A sailor travelling across the ocean without sighting land for days and correctly estimating his/her distance from the destination. d) A student navigating his/her way around the Queen's university campus using the main libraries as reference points. - Correct Answers: a 13. When an animal finds its way home after being transported long distance to an unfamiliar environment, this is a) migration. b) dead reckoning. c) homing. d) magnetic manipulation. - Correct Answers: c 12. Which of the following is NOT an example of dead reckoning? a) After a circuitous hunt for food, desert ants follow a direct route home. b) World War Two pilots flying by cover of night. c) A sailor following the north star home. d) A foraging honey bee returning home can communicate the most direct route back to a food source, despite never having taken the direct route. - Correct Answers: c 10. Hippocampal size a) increased in taxi driver trainees who took 'The Knowlege' test but not in age-matched controls. b) is larger in food caching birds than in non-caching birds. c) is larger in migratory birds than in non-migratory birds. d) has been found to be correlated with performance on spatial memory tasks, so all of the above are true. - Correct Answers: b 9. Which brain region is believed to mediate the integration of different modes of spatial navigation? a) Entorhinal cortex. b) Retrosplenial cortex. c) Anterior cingulate cortex. d) Place fields in the hippocampus. - Correct Answers: b 8. Packard and McGaugh (1996) trained animals to locate food in one arm of a T- maze. At test, the maze is rotated 180°. If the animals turn in the same direction as they used to turn during training, they are showing learning and blocking activity disrupts this type of learning. However, if the animals travel down the arm that is in the same location relative to environmental cues, they are showing _____ learning and blocking ________ activity disrupts this type of learning a) response; hippocampal; place; striatal. b) place; striatal; response; hippocampal. c) response; striatal; place; hippocampal. d) place; hippocampal; response; striatal. - Correct Answers: c 7. Which of the following is most true? a) Olfactory cues are a mechanism for migration but may not be for homing. b) The sun compass is a mechanism for homing but may not be for migration. c) Magnetic cues are a mechanism for homing but may not be for migration. d) The star compass is a mechanism for migration but may not be for homing. - Correct Answers: d 6. Zugunruhe indicates that animals have an endogenous mechanism that tells them . a) when to leave, which direction to go, and where to stop. b) when to leave and which direction to go. c) when to leave, which direction to go, and when to stop. d) when to leave and where to stop. - Correct Answers: b 5. Which of the following is not evidence that animals have cognitive maps? a) Honeybees followed directions given by conspecifics to a sugar source after it was moved to the center of the lake. b) Animals can plan novel routes to a familiar location. c) Chimpanzees retrieve food in a different order from which it was hidden. d) Animals go directly to the hidden platform from new start locations in the water maze task. - Correct Answers: a 4. Animals exhibit a rotational bias effect when salient feature cues are rotated or removed from the testing environment. The effect indicates that the animals were using a) to navigate. b) their vestibular system landmarks c) geometric cues d) path integration - Correct Answers: c 3. Which of the following is true of beacons and landmarks? a) Beacons provide distance and directional information to the goal while landmarks do not. b) Both beacons and landmarks provide distance and directional information to the goal. c) Beacons are relied on when animals are further away from the goal and landmarks are relied on when animals are in close proximity to the goal. d) Beacons are more useful when animals are foraging in unfamiliar territory whereas landmarks are more useful when animals are foraging in familiar territory. - Correct Answers: d Taxis is ________ and kinesis is __________ a) nondirectional movement in response to a stimulus; directional movement in response to a stimulus. b) directional movement in response to a stimulus; nondirectional movement in response to a stimulus. c) nondirectional movement towards a particular goal; directional movement towards a particular goal. d) directional movement towards a particular goal; nondirectional movement towards a particular goal. - Correct Answers: b 1. Which of the following is false about sex differences in spatial memory in humans? a) Males rely more on directional cues while females rely more on positional cues. b) There is a large overlap in the distribution of scores for each sex. c) Any one man will have a better spatial memory than any one woman. d)All of the above are true. - Correct Answers: c 37. A rat in a skinner box is rewarded for the first lever press that occurs 40 seconds after the previous lever press. Lever pressing before the end of this 40-second wait- period goes unrewarded. What type of reinforcement schedule does this describe? a) Variable interval. b) Fixed interval. c) Fixed time. d) All of the above. - Correct Answers: b 36. A tone and light are paired 30 times. The tone alone is then paired with an electric foot shock 10 times. What would you expect to result from this paradigm? a) The tone, but not the light, will elicit freezing. b) The light, but not the tone, will elicit freezing. c) Both the tone and the light will elicit freezing. d) The light will elicit freezing, but only after a second session of tone- light pairing. - Correct Answers: c 35. Which of the following is not a common physiological measure of conditioned fear responses? a) Galvanic skin response. b) Blood pressure. c) Pupil dilation/constriction. d) Myocardial infarction. - Correct Answers: d 34. What is another term for 'Omission training'? a) Positive reinforcement. b) Negative reinforcement. c) Positive punishment. d) Negative punishment. - Correct Answers: d 33. Experiments examining the cellular mechanisms of classical conditioning in aplysia use a touch to two different parts of the body as the CS+ (followed by US) and CS- (not followed by US). Why is it necessary to counterbalance the two CSs by switching which touch serves as the CS+ and which serves as the CS- in different groups of animals? a) To ensure that sensitized responding does not explain the behavioral changes. b) A touch to the tail does not release 5-HT. c) Certain CSs will not form associations with certain USs. d) Switching the CS produces better conditioning. - Correct Answers: a 32. Which of the following is not true about the neural mechanisms of associative learning? a) Operant and classical conditioning are mediated by different brain regions. b) The same intracellular changes are able to explain all instances of associative learning. c) S-R relationships involve the dorsal striatum. d) R-O relationships involve signals sent from the prefrontal cortex. - Correct Answers: b 31. How do midbrain dopamine neurons respond to reward presentation? a) Neurons fire more rapidly when an unexpected reward is received. b) The firing rate does not change when an expected reward is received. c) The firing rate declines when an expected reward is not received. d) Neurons fire more rapidly when an expected reward is received. - Correct Answers: a How does the Rescorla Wagner model account for adaptive specializations? a) The value of α reflects the biological significance of the CS. b) The value of β reflects the biological significance of the US. c) The value of λ reflects the biological significance of the US. d) No aspect of the model accounts for adaptive specializations. - Correct Answers: d 29. What would be the best evidence that classical conditioning is conserved across evolution? a) The same biological mechanism mediates the process in different species. b) Classical conditioning is observed in virtually every species studied. c) The ability to predict motivationally significant events confers a survival advantage to all species. d) Different species have converged on the same cognitive solution to problems in their environment. - Correct Answers: a 28. If it is true that different brain regions control S-R and R-O associations in operant conditioning, we can infer that a) operant conditioning is governed entirely by associative learning. b) classical and operant conditioning are mediated through distinct systems. c) habitual and goal-directed behaviors are dissociable. d) goal-directed behaviors are an example of classical conditioning. - Correct Answers: c 27. Based on what we know about the neural mechanisms of classical conditioning, we would expect that Pavlov's dogs would show a) increased cell firing in the cerebellum. b) increased PKC signaling in some neurons. c) decreased 5-HT release in some neurons. d) increased cAMP signaling in some neurons. - Correct Answers: d 26. The firing rate of midbrain dopamine neurons increases when animals are presented with an unexpected reward and decrease when an expected reward is omitted. This suggests that these neurons are coding one aspect of the Resorla- Wagner model? a) ΔV. b) α. c) β. d) λ-SV. - Correct Answers: d 25. Classical conditioning of the eyeblink response a) produces excitatory circuits within the cerebellum. b) elicits increased neurotransmitter release from the inferior olive nucleus. c) is mediated by the convergence of CS and US signals within the interpositus nucleus. d) depends on differential activation of CS- signals. - Correct Answers: c Schedules of reinforcement induce different patterns of responding, suggesting that a) animals have some knowledge of the payoffs provided by each schedule. b) animals are oblivious to the schedules of reinforcement. c) animals will always respond most on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. d) animals will always respond most on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. - Correct Answers: a What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning? a) Classical conditioning depends on the animal's behavior, operant conditioning does not. b) Stimulus salience affects operant, but not classical, conditioning. c) Operant conditioning depends on the animal's behavior; classical conditioning does not. d) Stimulus salience affects classical, but not operant, conditioning. - Correct Answers: c 22. Which of the following is NOT part of the Associative Cybernetic model of operant conditioning? a) Drive System. b) Motor System. c) Habit System. d) Associative System. - Correct Answers: a 21. An organism performs a novel behavioral response that is immediately followed by the presentation of a highly valued appetitive stimulus. Very rapidly, the organism is performing the behavioral response at a frequency of 100 responses per minute. The same reinforcer is presented, on average, every 20 seconds. The organism has clearly developed an erroneous belief that the presentation of the reinforcer depends on this high rate of responding because the reinforcer is presented non-contingently. How would you describe this behavior? a) Conditioned reinforcement. b) Fixed interval responding. c) Superstition. d) Devaluation. - Correct Answers: c 20. A food-restricted rat was required to lever press, on average, 50 times before it received a food pellet. This is an example of which type of free operant reinforcement schedule: a) fixed ratio schedule: 50. b) variable ratio schedule: 50 c) fixed interval schedule: 50 d) variable interval schedule: 50 - Correct Answers: b 19. If a suppression ratio changes from 0.5 to 0.25 over trials, it indicates that a) animals have developed a conditioned approach response to the lever. b) the learning rate has been cut in half. c) the learning rate has doubled. d) conditioned fear has developed. - Correct Answers: d 18. Using the mathematical equation defined by the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning, calculate the associative strength of CSA on the first 4 conditioning trials using the following values: i. The maximum amount of strength that the US can support = 200 ii. The learning rate parameter defined by the salience of the CS = .3 iii. The learning rate parameter defined by the salience of the US = 1 a) 0, 30, 230, 600 b) 0, 60, 102, 131.4 c) 60, 102, 131.4, 151.98 d) 60, 42, 29.4, 20.58 - Correct Answers: b 17. When Pavlov was conducting his studies of classical conditioning, he noticed that dogs developed conditioned salivary responses more rapidly to novel stimuli. This observations fits with the phenomenon of a) sensory preconditioning. b) blocking. c) latent inhibition. d) overshadowing. - Correct Answers: c 16. Latent inhibition poses a problem for the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning because a) there is nothing surprising about a CS that is not paired with a US. b) pre-exposure to a CS should block subsequent conditioning to this stimulus. c) during pre-exposure, the error term is negative so no conditioning occurs. d) it can not explain how stimuli lose associative strength during pre-exposure. - Correct Answers: d Which of the following statements about extinction is FALSE? a) During extinction, the unconditioned response is gradually reduced. b) Extinction may not occur if an animal experiences the CS alone in a new context. c) After extinction occurs, repeated CS-US pairings will reestablish the CR. d) In disinhibition, a novel stimulus can disrupt extinction. - Correct Answers: a Which of the following statements about extinction is FALSE? a) During extinction, the conditioned response is gradually reduced. b) Extinction may not occur if an animal experiences the CS alone in a new context. c) After extinction occurs, repeated US-CS pairings will reestablish the CR. d) In disinhibition, a novel stimulus can disrupt extinction. - Correct Answers: c 13. Presenting the CS alone prior to any CS-US pairing, is an example of ______ and ________ the predictive value of the CS. a) latent inhibition; increases. b) blocking; decreases. c) latent inhibition; decreases. d) blocking; increases. - Correct Answers: a 12. Many children have an unlearned fear of the dark, but it is difficult to teach children to fear cars, a more real and immediate threat. This is an example of a) adaptive specialization. b) fear conditioning. c) sensory preconditioning. d) preparatory responses. - Correct Answers: a 11. Thorndike's 'law of effect' refers to a) a short-hand for the second law of thermodynamics. b) a change in behavior based on its consequence. c) an unconditioned stimulus that is always followed by an unconditioned response. d) learning that will always result in consolidation. - Correct Answers: b 10. In one experiment, rats were presented with a tone, followed by a shock. After they were conditioned to freeze to the tone in the absence of the shock, they were presented with a compound stimulus consisting of a tone and a light, followed by a shock. A control group of rats were also presented with this compound stimulus and the shock. At test, only the rats in the control group showed conditioning to the light alone. What does this finding illustrate? a) Latent inhibition. b) Blocking. c) Overshadowing. d) Disinhibition. - Correct Answers: b 9. Which of the following findings support the idea of homology? a) Classical and operant conditioning are mediated through dissociable brain structures in mammals. b) Genetically modified flies fail to be classically conditioned even though they show no deficit in operant conditioning. c) Molecular mechanisms of classical conditioning resemble the molecular mechanisms of memory. d) The same brain regions are involved in conditioned reflexive responses (e.g., conditioned eyeblink response) in various species. - Correct Answers: d 8. Which of the following are not principle components of the Associative Cybernetic model? a) A system that represents S-R learning. b) A system that represents R-O associations. c) A system that represents S-S associations. d) A system that represents the value of O. - Correct Answers: c 7. Which of the following describes disinhibition? a) In the absence of the US, the CR reappears after a delay period even in the absence of the US. b) In the absence of the US, the CR reappears when the CS is presented with a novel stimulus. c) In the absence of the US in another context, the CR reappears when the CS is presented in the original context d) In the absence of the US, the CR is slow to appear following CS preexposure. - Correct Answers: b 6. Garcia and Koelling (1966) presented rats with a drinking tube containing flavoured water and every time the rats licked the tube, they were presented with a flash of light and a clicking sound; subsequently, half of the rats were given an electric shock and half received an x-ray treatment that made them sick. What did the researchers find during testing and how did they explain the results? a) Rats that were x-rayed preferred the plain water and avoided the flavoured water due to adaptive specialization. b) Both groups of rats preferred the plain water and avoided the flavoured water due to blocking. c) Rats that were x-rayed preferred the flavoured water and avoided the plain water due to overshadowing. d) Both groups of rats preferred the plain water and avoided the flavoured water due to conditioned taste aversion. - Correct Answers: a 5. If you wanted to induce high rates of responding with few breaks, which reinforcement schedule would you use? a) Low fixed ratio schedule. b) Low variable ratio schedule. c) High fixed ratio schedule. d) High variable ratio schedule. - Correct Answers: b 4. Which of the following describes a fixed interval (FI) 10-s schedule of reinforcement? a) Reinforcement is presented every 10 seconds. b) Reinforcement is presented, on average, every 10 seconds. c) Reinforcement is presented every 10 seconds if a response is made. d) Reinforcement is presented 10 seconds after the last reinforcer. - Correct Answers: c 3. What does a suppression ratio of 0.42 indicate? a) No conditioning. b) Weak conditioning. c) Conditioning at some times but not others. d) Maximal conditioning. - Correct Answers: b 2. Which of the following experimental paradigms is not used in research on classical conditioning? a) Sensory preconditioning. b) Devaluation. c) Conditioned place preference. d) What-where-when task. - Correct Answers: d 1. In a study cited in the opening of Chapter 4, carrion crows approached and explored mussel shells, which they initially ignored, after serendipitously and repeatedly finding small pieces of beef under the shells. Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR in this example. a) Shells, ignoring of shells, shells with beef underneath, exploration of shells. b) Beef, ignoring of shells, shells, and increased exploration of shells. c) Beef, exploration of shells, shells, increased exploration of shells. d) Shells with beef underneath, exploration of shells, shells, increased exploration of shells. - Correct Answers: c 28. In a water maze experiment, rats were injected with a drug 20 minutes before being placed in the maze. The rats quickly learned the task and, after 5 trials, would swim directly to the quadrant containing the hidden escape platform. One week later, the same rats were placed (one at a time) in the water maze after receiving an injection of saline. They performed at chance, spending equal amounts of time in each of the four quadrants. What is likely true about the drug (assuming all other variables were kept constant)? a) The drug inhibited memory acquisition but not consolidation. b) The drug inhibited memory consolidation, but not acquisition. c) The drug inhibited retrieval. d) The drug inhibited procedural memory. - Correct Answers: b 27. C.S. was recently taught how to play a song on the piano. Although she could still play the song one week later, she had no memory of being taught how to do so or of playing the piano in general. C.S. likely has a deficit in what type of memory? a) Declarative memory. b) Non-declarative memory. c) Procedural memory. d) Semantic memory.. - Correct Answers: a 26. Which of the following about sensitization is false? a) It is a modification in a response based on repeated experience with a specific stimulus. b) It is one of the simplest forms of non-declarative memory. c) It develops to stimuli with high motivational significance. d) It develops faster than habituation. - Correct Answers: d 25. Firing of neurons in the _________ after a stimulus has been removed suggests this region may be involved in holding information about the stimulus in working memory. a) angular gyrus. b) right parietal lobe. c) prefrontal cortex. d) hippocampus. - Correct Answers: c 24. Why was H.M. able to display procedural learning following his surgery? a) His memory problems were more related to conscious awareness of his memories, rather than a true amnesia. b) He was still capable of learning new things and forming new memories; his amnesia was for events that took place before his surgery. c) His hippocampus was removed which impaired the acquisition of new episodic memories; his procedural memory systems were presumably still in tact. d) H.M was able to create memories of visual events like watching someone complete a puzzle; he was only incapable of forming new memories based on language. - Correct Answers: c 23. What is meant by the phrase, "Long Term Potentiation"? a) A long term change in synaptic efficiency between neurons following repeated firing. b) An increase in output from Neuron A onto Neuron B following learning. c) Molecular changes in synapses that result from habituation. d) Growth of an investment over time. - Correct Answers: a 22. Which of the following does not facilitate the encoding phase of memory? a) Chunking. b) Elaboration. c) Salience. d) Sensitization. - Correct Answers: d 21. Which of the following is not true of habituation? a) It is a form of non-declarative memory. b) Responses decrease with increasing stimulus presentations. c) Habituation of the withdrawal reflex response in Aplysia involves increased glutamate release from sensory neurons. d) In developmental psychology, the habituation paradigm assumes that infants spend less time looking at familiar objects. - Correct Answers: c 20. Long-Term Potentiation results from a) decreased responsivity of post synaptic neurons. b) decreased neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons. c) increased responsivity of post synaptic neurons. d) increased neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons. - Correct Answers: c 19. Knowledge for events in a personal past is referred to as __________________ whereas knowledge that cannot be attributed to a particular event is known as ______________. a) declarative memory; semantic memory. b) semantic memory; episodic memory. c) episodic memory; semantic memory. d) episodic memory; declarative memory. - Correct Answers: c 18. Prior exposure to a stimulus can cause facilitated identification of that stimulus. This is known as a) classical conditioning. b) perceptual priming. c) attentional blink. d) perceptual masking. - Correct Answers: b 17. The term "reference memory" is more accurate than "long-term memory" because a) it implies an active process of referring to information in long- term store. b) it encompasses both short-term and long-term memory. c) it combines non-declarative and declarative memory. d) it refers to memory that is less susceptible to false memories. - Correct Answers: a 16. In a memory test, long-term memory for a word is strongest when participants a) decide if it is written in upper or lower case letters. b) determine if it rhymes with another word. c) make a judgment about the meaning of the word. d) say the word aloud. - Correct Answers: c 15. How long can a short-term memory last? a) Milliseconds to seconds. b) Seconds to minutes. c) Minutes to days. d) Days to months. - Correct Answers: b 14. In long term potentiation (LTP) a) A new connection is formed between two synapses. b) An existing synaptic connection is weakened. c) A new inter-neuron grows between two synapses. d) An existing synaptic connection is strengthened. - Correct Answers: d 13. J