AP BIO CHAPTER 6 ENZYMES AND
THERMODYNAMICS EXAM GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Energy - ANSWER-Capacity to do work. Takes forms including: mechanical energy,
heat, sound, electric current, light, or radioactivity.
Heat - ANSWER-Can only be harnessed when there is a heat gradient. Cells are too
small to maintain significant internal temperature differences, so heat energy is
incapable of doing the work of cells.
Free Energy - ANSWER-Surrounding energy available to break and form chemical
bonds. Energy available to do work in any system.
Entropy - ANSWER-Increase in disorder. Energy is lost as disorder increases.
G equation - ANSWER-G = H - TS
Enedergonic - ANSWER-Delta G is positive. Products have a great bond energy, or
a lower entropy. Requires input of energy.
Exergonic - ANSWER-Delta G is negative. Occur spontaneously.
Activation Energy - ANSWER-Extra energy needed to destabilize existing chemical
bonds and initiate a chemical reaction. Lower activation energy by increasing the
energy of the reacting molecules, or using a catalyst.
ATP - ANSWER-Chief "currency" used by cells for energy transactions. Nucleotide
adenosine triphosphate. Cells store and release energy in the bonds of ATP. Five
carbon sugar ribose, adenine, and a chain of three phosphates. Phosphates repel
each other by electrostatic repulsions making the covalent bonds joining the
phosphates unstable. Energy is released during the formation of bonds during the
hydrolysis reaction when separating phosphate groups, not breaking down bonds
between phosphates.
Substrates - ANSWER-Molecules that bind to enzymes and undergo the reaction.
Enzyme - ANSWER-Usually a protein, sometimes RNA molecules. Unique 3D
structure (globular) enables it to stabilize a temporary association between
substrates. Serves as a catalyst for reactions. Is not changed or consumed in the
reaction.
Metabolism - ANSWER-All chemical reactions that take place in a cell/organism
THERMODYNAMICS EXAM GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Energy - ANSWER-Capacity to do work. Takes forms including: mechanical energy,
heat, sound, electric current, light, or radioactivity.
Heat - ANSWER-Can only be harnessed when there is a heat gradient. Cells are too
small to maintain significant internal temperature differences, so heat energy is
incapable of doing the work of cells.
Free Energy - ANSWER-Surrounding energy available to break and form chemical
bonds. Energy available to do work in any system.
Entropy - ANSWER-Increase in disorder. Energy is lost as disorder increases.
G equation - ANSWER-G = H - TS
Enedergonic - ANSWER-Delta G is positive. Products have a great bond energy, or
a lower entropy. Requires input of energy.
Exergonic - ANSWER-Delta G is negative. Occur spontaneously.
Activation Energy - ANSWER-Extra energy needed to destabilize existing chemical
bonds and initiate a chemical reaction. Lower activation energy by increasing the
energy of the reacting molecules, or using a catalyst.
ATP - ANSWER-Chief "currency" used by cells for energy transactions. Nucleotide
adenosine triphosphate. Cells store and release energy in the bonds of ATP. Five
carbon sugar ribose, adenine, and a chain of three phosphates. Phosphates repel
each other by electrostatic repulsions making the covalent bonds joining the
phosphates unstable. Energy is released during the formation of bonds during the
hydrolysis reaction when separating phosphate groups, not breaking down bonds
between phosphates.
Substrates - ANSWER-Molecules that bind to enzymes and undergo the reaction.
Enzyme - ANSWER-Usually a protein, sometimes RNA molecules. Unique 3D
structure (globular) enables it to stabilize a temporary association between
substrates. Serves as a catalyst for reactions. Is not changed or consumed in the
reaction.
Metabolism - ANSWER-All chemical reactions that take place in a cell/organism
