NR507- ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - Answer-Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
Attention deficits
Apathy
Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms: - Answer-Inability to perform daily tasks requiring
attention and planning
Hypothyroidism - Answer-Most common thyroid function disorder
Affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population
More common in women and elderly
Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment of
choice
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Answer-TSH released by anterior pituitary
Review hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Picture)
Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
Hyperthyroidism/ Grave's Disease - Answer-Two most distinguishing factors of Grave's
disease = pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Treatment directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion or action and
includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine
therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells), and surgery
Goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to destroy
overactive thyroid tissue
Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Grave's Disease: - Answer-
Functional Abnormalities: resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a lag of the upper lid on
downward gaze)
, Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular
muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease.
Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of the
orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), periorbital edema
and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and diplopia (double vision)
Hyperparathyroidism - Answer-Characterized by stimulation of parathyroid gland in
response to hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia - Answer-Hypercalcemia & Hypophosphatemia may be asymptomatic or
affected individuals may present with symptoms related to the neuromuscular changes
that include paresthesias and muscle cramps
Patients with hypercalcemia can have low bone density that is most noted in the distal
one-third of the radius
Hypoparathyroidism - Answer-Hypomagnesemia inhibits PTH secretion
Hypomagnesemia may be related to chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, malabsorption,
increased renal clearance of magnesium caused by the use of aminoglycoside
antibiotics or certain chemotherapeutic agents, or prolonged magnesium-deficient
parenteral nutritional therapy
Hypocalcemia - Answer-Symptoms:
Dry skin
Loss of body and scalp hair
Hypoplasia of developing teeth
Horizontal ridges on nails
Cataracts
Basal ganglia calcifications
Bone deformities
Bowing of the long bones
Hypercortisolism - Answer-Glucose intolerance associated with hypercortisolism
--Occurs because of cortisol-induced insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis
and glycogen storage by the liver
Cushing's syndrome characterized by patterns of fat deposition have been described as
"truncal obesity", "moon face" and "buffalo hump"
Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - Answer-Onset of adrenal crisis is signified by
hypotension
Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This is known as
adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with undiagnosed disease, acute
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - Answer-Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
Attention deficits
Apathy
Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms: - Answer-Inability to perform daily tasks requiring
attention and planning
Hypothyroidism - Answer-Most common thyroid function disorder
Affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population
More common in women and elderly
Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment of
choice
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Answer-TSH released by anterior pituitary
Review hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Picture)
Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
Hyperthyroidism/ Grave's Disease - Answer-Two most distinguishing factors of Grave's
disease = pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Treatment directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion or action and
includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine
therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells), and surgery
Goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to destroy
overactive thyroid tissue
Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Grave's Disease: - Answer-
Functional Abnormalities: resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a lag of the upper lid on
downward gaze)
, Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular
muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease.
Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of the
orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), periorbital edema
and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and diplopia (double vision)
Hyperparathyroidism - Answer-Characterized by stimulation of parathyroid gland in
response to hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia - Answer-Hypercalcemia & Hypophosphatemia may be asymptomatic or
affected individuals may present with symptoms related to the neuromuscular changes
that include paresthesias and muscle cramps
Patients with hypercalcemia can have low bone density that is most noted in the distal
one-third of the radius
Hypoparathyroidism - Answer-Hypomagnesemia inhibits PTH secretion
Hypomagnesemia may be related to chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, malabsorption,
increased renal clearance of magnesium caused by the use of aminoglycoside
antibiotics or certain chemotherapeutic agents, or prolonged magnesium-deficient
parenteral nutritional therapy
Hypocalcemia - Answer-Symptoms:
Dry skin
Loss of body and scalp hair
Hypoplasia of developing teeth
Horizontal ridges on nails
Cataracts
Basal ganglia calcifications
Bone deformities
Bowing of the long bones
Hypercortisolism - Answer-Glucose intolerance associated with hypercortisolism
--Occurs because of cortisol-induced insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis
and glycogen storage by the liver
Cushing's syndrome characterized by patterns of fat deposition have been described as
"truncal obesity", "moon face" and "buffalo hump"
Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - Answer-Onset of adrenal crisis is signified by
hypotension
Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This is known as
adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with undiagnosed disease, acute
