Bio 101 Exam 4 innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Phagocytosis - engulf foreign materials/rid body fluids of cellular debris Neutrophils and Monocytes phagolysosome - digestive vesicle formed by the fusing of a lysosome with a phagosome Thymus - An immune organ located near the heart. THe thymus is the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents. Chemotaxis - movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus Cytokines - a way of cells being able to communicate with each otherfunctions of a cytokine cells: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine cells play a key role in inflammatory response triggering production plasma cells - Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies. T cell - White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response B cell - Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses. stem cells - unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells Interleukins - proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes memory T cell - a type of T-cell that maintains the immunologic memory that can promote a more rapid immune response to future challenges memory b cells - Produced during a B cell response, but are not involved in antibody producing during the initial infection; are held in reserve for the rest of your life in case you encounter that pathogen again. T helper cells - T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on their cell-surface membranes, which bind to antigens on antigen-presenting cells and produce interleukins, a type of cytokine. NK cells - Natural killer cells (10-15% of the blood lymphocytes) represent special type of large lymphocytes previously called non-T/non-B or 'null cells'. NK cells are first line of defense against neoplastic (tumor) and virus-infected cells since they have ability to lyse them WITHOUT PRIOR SENSITIZATION. Antigens - a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. Antibodies - Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen. Interferons - proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response Perforin - One of the proteins released by cytotoxic T cells on contact with their target cells. It forms pores in the target cell membrane that contribute to cell killing. Hapten - An incomplete or partial antigen. It has to bind to a larger protein molecule to stimulate a full immune response Opsonin - Antibody or complement protein that encourages phagocytosis Interferons - proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response complement system - A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. naturally acquired active immunity - develops after natural exposure to antigens in environment. Immunity may be lifelong. Naturally acquired passive immunity - antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk. Immunity is usually short lived artificially acquired active immunity - antibodies are made due to exposure to a vaccine. Artificially acquired passive immunity - antibodies gathered from a human or other animal and are injected into an individual. Ex.) antiserum for a snakebite. serum - plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed Antiserum - human or animal serum containing antibodies that are specific for one or more antigens Serology - The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens gamma globulin - Fraction of serum that contains most of the antibodies serum sickness - Disease caused by multiple injections of antiserum. Immune response to foreign proteins. May cause fever, kidney problems, and joint pain. Rare today. innate immunity - Immunity an organism is born with. Genetically determined. Naturally acquired immunity - obtained in the course of daily life adaptive immunity - Immunity that an organism develops during lifetime. Artificially acquired immunity - obtained by receiving a vaccine or immune serum epitope - A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds; also called an antigenic determinant. IgG - enhances phagocytosis; neutralizes toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn. Used to detect immunity or past infection. IgM - first antibody produced during an infection. Effective against microbes and agglutinating antigens. Indicates active infection. Y shaped - What shape are antibodies? constant region - portion of an antibody molecule that is not variable and participates in the binding of other immune modulators variable region - That region of antibodies that varies from one antibody to another even within one class IgA - In secretions,(Tears, Saliva, mucous membranes, and Colostrum & milk), blood and lymph. Function: localized protection of mucosal surfaces. Provides immunity to infant digestive tract. IgD - B cell surface, blood, and lymph. Function: in serum is unknown. On B cell surface, initiate immune response. IgE - allergic reactions and lysis of parasitic worms Monocytes - *A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time *An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage. Basophils - A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine. Neutrophils - A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. Most abundant WBC