585 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Describe the 1990 National
Institutes of Health criteria used to diagnose PCOS. - ANSWER-Both Criteria Required
1) Hyperandrogenism
2) Oligo‐anovulation
Describe the 2003 Rotterdam criteria used to diagnose PCOS. - ANSWER-2/3 criteria
requried
1) Hyperandrogenism
2) Oligo‐anovulation
3) Polycystic ovaries (by ultrasound)
Describe the 2009 Androgen Excess
& polycystic ovary syndrome Society criteria used to diagnose PCOS. - ANSWER-Both
criteria required
1) Hyperandrogenism
2) Ovarian dysfunction (oligoanovulation and/or polycystic ovaries)
What are the issues associated with not having a clear definition of PCOS? -
ANSWER--No consensus on how to define this disorder
during early and late adolescence, nor during
and after menopause
-Not known whether women change from one
phenotype to another ‐‐ how with the change
affects their health status in the long term
What is the origin of PCOS? - ANSWER-Fetal programming of metabolic/endocrine
axes, especially carbohydrate metabolism and adrenal secretion
Is PCOS hereditary? - ANSWER-Yes, there is a genetic link - Sister/mother with similar
symptoms of PCOS
An exposure to what may cause PCOS during what ages? - ANSWER-Excess
androgens; Prior to or during puberty, and also as a fetus
Girls born small or large for gestational age have a (higher/lower?) incidence of PCOS?
- ANSWER-Higher
What is meant by Hyperandrogenemia? - ANSWER-- Total, unbound, or free
testosterone
- Androstenedione
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
, - DHEA metabolite: DHEA sulphate (DHEAS)
Oligomenorrhea - ANSWER-4‐9 menstrual periods a year
Amenorrhea - ANSWER-missing three or more periods in a row
Ovarian Cycle - ANSWER-Cyclic events associated with egg maturations
Follicular Phase - ANSWER-period of follicle growth (day 1‐14)
What do connective tissue and epithelial cells form? - ANSWER-Connective tissue and
epithelial cells form Theca folliculi
Thecal cells - ANSWER-Produce androgrnes
Granulosa Cells - ANSWER-convert androgens to estrogens
Vesticular follicle formation - ANSWER-- antrum expansion
‐ Vesicular follicle bulges from external surface of ovary
Ovulation - ANSWER-Ovary wall ruptures, expels secondary oocyte
Luteal Phase - ANSWER-period of corpus luteum activity (day 14‐28)
Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Cycle - ANSWER-1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH
secretion
2. FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormone
3. Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release, dip in FSH
4. Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
5. LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
6. Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
GnRH - ANSWER-- In normal follicular phase, GnRH pulse frequency is about once per
90 min.
- In luteal phase, once in 4 hours
- Example: Anorexia nervosa slows GnRH pulsatility, results in failure of pituitary
gonadotrophin secretion
Which of the following viral families is known for possessing reverse transcriptase? -
ANSWER-Retroviridae
Cervical cancer associated with viral infection is estimated in 2007 to kill around: -
ANSWER-3,600 women
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Describe the 1990 National
Institutes of Health criteria used to diagnose PCOS. - ANSWER-Both Criteria Required
1) Hyperandrogenism
2) Oligo‐anovulation
Describe the 2003 Rotterdam criteria used to diagnose PCOS. - ANSWER-2/3 criteria
requried
1) Hyperandrogenism
2) Oligo‐anovulation
3) Polycystic ovaries (by ultrasound)
Describe the 2009 Androgen Excess
& polycystic ovary syndrome Society criteria used to diagnose PCOS. - ANSWER-Both
criteria required
1) Hyperandrogenism
2) Ovarian dysfunction (oligoanovulation and/or polycystic ovaries)
What are the issues associated with not having a clear definition of PCOS? -
ANSWER--No consensus on how to define this disorder
during early and late adolescence, nor during
and after menopause
-Not known whether women change from one
phenotype to another ‐‐ how with the change
affects their health status in the long term
What is the origin of PCOS? - ANSWER-Fetal programming of metabolic/endocrine
axes, especially carbohydrate metabolism and adrenal secretion
Is PCOS hereditary? - ANSWER-Yes, there is a genetic link - Sister/mother with similar
symptoms of PCOS
An exposure to what may cause PCOS during what ages? - ANSWER-Excess
androgens; Prior to or during puberty, and also as a fetus
Girls born small or large for gestational age have a (higher/lower?) incidence of PCOS?
- ANSWER-Higher
What is meant by Hyperandrogenemia? - ANSWER-- Total, unbound, or free
testosterone
- Androstenedione
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
, - DHEA metabolite: DHEA sulphate (DHEAS)
Oligomenorrhea - ANSWER-4‐9 menstrual periods a year
Amenorrhea - ANSWER-missing three or more periods in a row
Ovarian Cycle - ANSWER-Cyclic events associated with egg maturations
Follicular Phase - ANSWER-period of follicle growth (day 1‐14)
What do connective tissue and epithelial cells form? - ANSWER-Connective tissue and
epithelial cells form Theca folliculi
Thecal cells - ANSWER-Produce androgrnes
Granulosa Cells - ANSWER-convert androgens to estrogens
Vesticular follicle formation - ANSWER-- antrum expansion
‐ Vesicular follicle bulges from external surface of ovary
Ovulation - ANSWER-Ovary wall ruptures, expels secondary oocyte
Luteal Phase - ANSWER-period of corpus luteum activity (day 14‐28)
Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Cycle - ANSWER-1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH
secretion
2. FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormone
3. Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release, dip in FSH
4. Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
5. LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
6. Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
GnRH - ANSWER-- In normal follicular phase, GnRH pulse frequency is about once per
90 min.
- In luteal phase, once in 4 hours
- Example: Anorexia nervosa slows GnRH pulsatility, results in failure of pituitary
gonadotrophin secretion
Which of the following viral families is known for possessing reverse transcriptase? -
ANSWER-Retroviridae
Cervical cancer associated with viral infection is estimated in 2007 to kill around: -
ANSWER-3,600 women
