PH 310 Exam 3 Study Guide 2025
Adolescent: Puberty - ANSWER Hormonally-driven process
-increasing levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) triggers onset
-GnRH increase leads to trigger of LH and FSH release
First physical signs of GnRH increase - ANSWER -Thelarche: breast buds present
(females)
-Gonadarche: enlargement of testes (males)
-Growth Factors: growth hormone and insulin like growth factor
Increased GnRH in Males - ANSWER 1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) triggered
2. Target of sex specific organs, testes
3. Testosterone produced
4. Linear growth and muscle tissue
Increased GnRH in Females - ANSWER 1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) triggered
2. Target sex specific organs, ovaries
3. Estrogen produced
4. Linear growth, menarche, muscle tissue, and fat deposition
5 Tanner Stages - ANSWER Measure puberty development (biological events) in regards
to biological age
Adolescent growth spurt onset - ANSWER Females: 10.5-13 years of age
Males: 12-15 years of age
Peak velocity in linear growth - ANSWER Females: 3.5 inches/year (tanner stage 2/3)
Males: 4 inches/year (tanner stage 4)
Body Composition Differences - ANSWER Females - gain more fat than males
-lean body mass: 74-80% of body weight
-body fat: 20-26% of body weight
,Males - gain more lean body mass, bone mass, and total height/weight overall
-lean body mass: 85-90% of body weight
-body fat: 10-15% of body weight
Differences in male and female body composition and weight - ANSWER -males lean
body mass (LBM) greater than females
-females greater body fat mass than males
-males grow faster rate, eventually gain more height
-male bone mass greater than female
Male vs. Female weight gain throughout puberty - ANSWER Females: 53 lbs
Males: 70 lbs
3 Stages of psychosocial development - ANSWER 1. Early adolescence (11-14 years)
-cannot think conceptually, focus on present
-influenced by peers
-self-conscious develops (relates to rational thinking but also body change)
2.Middle adolescence (15-17 years)
-increasingly able to think conceptually and rationally
*not widely applied, self-conscious
3. Late adolescence (18-21 years)
-conceptual thinking still developing (e.g. future goals)
-self-identification
-morals and beliefs shaped
*ability to question and think for self
Adolescent Energy Needs: Total Calories per Day - ANSWER Males: 2200-3150
Females: 2100-2400
Adolescent Energy Needs: Appetite - ANSWER Clear increase in appetite
-need to blance intake and nutrient needs
Adolescent Energy Needs: Caloric range due to... - ANSWER -Physical activity
,-Timing of maturation and growth spurt
Adolescent Carbohydrate Needs - ANSWER 130 g/day (AMDR: 45-65% of total caloric
intake)
Adolescents and Sugar - ANSWER Adolescents tend to take in high amounts of added
sugars
-contributes up to 18-20% of total caloric intake
-beverages: soft drinks, juices, energy drinks
-snack foods: candy baked goods
Adolescent Protein Needs - ANSWER Highest needs peak of adolescent growth spurt
-maintain existing tissue
-support development of lean body mass
-0.85-0.95 g/kg body weight/day
-Females: 34-46 g/day
-Males: 34-56 g/day
-Adult recommendation: 0.8 g/kg body weight/day
Adolescent Fat Needs - ANSWER AMDR: 25-35% of total caloric intake
-national average around 32%
Adolescent Recommendations for essential fatty acids - ANSWER Females
-omega-3: 1-1.1 g/day
-omega-6: 10-12 g/day
Males
-omega-3: 1.2-1.6 g/day
-omega-6: 10-16 g/day
Adolescent Micronutrient Needs - ANSWER Micronutrient deficiencies are common:
females more deficient than males
-bone related nutrients: calcium and vitamin D
-iron, folate
Contributing factors
, -<18% of adolescents meet recommendation for fruit and vegetable intake
-low intake of fiber, high added sugar intake
-low dairy intake (milk intake)
Adolescents: Bone related nutrients - ANSWER Calcium and Vitamin D
-critical for bone mass accrual
-calcium intake correlated to energy intake
*example: females dieting (lack of nutrient dense food can lead to deficiencies)
-Vitamin D increases dietary calcium (and Ph) absorption
*individuals with darker skin, vegetarians, vegans are at risk of Vitamin D deficiency
-calcium requirements highest of all life-stages: RDA of 1300 mg/day
Adolescents: Iron - ANSWER -important in hemoglobin and myoglobin in muscles
-increase in blood volume
-lean body mass development - specifically myoglobin
-onset of menarche - higher requirements in females
Adolescents: Folate - ANSWER -important for general metabolism and red blood cel
formation
-red blood cell synthesis
-key cofactor for metabolism
-females now considered "of child-bearing age"
Obesity in Adolescence - ANSWER Affects physical and mental health
-type 2 diabetes
-hypertension
-orthopedic problems
-low self esteem
Risk factors
-race
-socioeconomic status
Adolescent: Puberty - ANSWER Hormonally-driven process
-increasing levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) triggers onset
-GnRH increase leads to trigger of LH and FSH release
First physical signs of GnRH increase - ANSWER -Thelarche: breast buds present
(females)
-Gonadarche: enlargement of testes (males)
-Growth Factors: growth hormone and insulin like growth factor
Increased GnRH in Males - ANSWER 1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) triggered
2. Target of sex specific organs, testes
3. Testosterone produced
4. Linear growth and muscle tissue
Increased GnRH in Females - ANSWER 1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) triggered
2. Target sex specific organs, ovaries
3. Estrogen produced
4. Linear growth, menarche, muscle tissue, and fat deposition
5 Tanner Stages - ANSWER Measure puberty development (biological events) in regards
to biological age
Adolescent growth spurt onset - ANSWER Females: 10.5-13 years of age
Males: 12-15 years of age
Peak velocity in linear growth - ANSWER Females: 3.5 inches/year (tanner stage 2/3)
Males: 4 inches/year (tanner stage 4)
Body Composition Differences - ANSWER Females - gain more fat than males
-lean body mass: 74-80% of body weight
-body fat: 20-26% of body weight
,Males - gain more lean body mass, bone mass, and total height/weight overall
-lean body mass: 85-90% of body weight
-body fat: 10-15% of body weight
Differences in male and female body composition and weight - ANSWER -males lean
body mass (LBM) greater than females
-females greater body fat mass than males
-males grow faster rate, eventually gain more height
-male bone mass greater than female
Male vs. Female weight gain throughout puberty - ANSWER Females: 53 lbs
Males: 70 lbs
3 Stages of psychosocial development - ANSWER 1. Early adolescence (11-14 years)
-cannot think conceptually, focus on present
-influenced by peers
-self-conscious develops (relates to rational thinking but also body change)
2.Middle adolescence (15-17 years)
-increasingly able to think conceptually and rationally
*not widely applied, self-conscious
3. Late adolescence (18-21 years)
-conceptual thinking still developing (e.g. future goals)
-self-identification
-morals and beliefs shaped
*ability to question and think for self
Adolescent Energy Needs: Total Calories per Day - ANSWER Males: 2200-3150
Females: 2100-2400
Adolescent Energy Needs: Appetite - ANSWER Clear increase in appetite
-need to blance intake and nutrient needs
Adolescent Energy Needs: Caloric range due to... - ANSWER -Physical activity
,-Timing of maturation and growth spurt
Adolescent Carbohydrate Needs - ANSWER 130 g/day (AMDR: 45-65% of total caloric
intake)
Adolescents and Sugar - ANSWER Adolescents tend to take in high amounts of added
sugars
-contributes up to 18-20% of total caloric intake
-beverages: soft drinks, juices, energy drinks
-snack foods: candy baked goods
Adolescent Protein Needs - ANSWER Highest needs peak of adolescent growth spurt
-maintain existing tissue
-support development of lean body mass
-0.85-0.95 g/kg body weight/day
-Females: 34-46 g/day
-Males: 34-56 g/day
-Adult recommendation: 0.8 g/kg body weight/day
Adolescent Fat Needs - ANSWER AMDR: 25-35% of total caloric intake
-national average around 32%
Adolescent Recommendations for essential fatty acids - ANSWER Females
-omega-3: 1-1.1 g/day
-omega-6: 10-12 g/day
Males
-omega-3: 1.2-1.6 g/day
-omega-6: 10-16 g/day
Adolescent Micronutrient Needs - ANSWER Micronutrient deficiencies are common:
females more deficient than males
-bone related nutrients: calcium and vitamin D
-iron, folate
Contributing factors
, -<18% of adolescents meet recommendation for fruit and vegetable intake
-low intake of fiber, high added sugar intake
-low dairy intake (milk intake)
Adolescents: Bone related nutrients - ANSWER Calcium and Vitamin D
-critical for bone mass accrual
-calcium intake correlated to energy intake
*example: females dieting (lack of nutrient dense food can lead to deficiencies)
-Vitamin D increases dietary calcium (and Ph) absorption
*individuals with darker skin, vegetarians, vegans are at risk of Vitamin D deficiency
-calcium requirements highest of all life-stages: RDA of 1300 mg/day
Adolescents: Iron - ANSWER -important in hemoglobin and myoglobin in muscles
-increase in blood volume
-lean body mass development - specifically myoglobin
-onset of menarche - higher requirements in females
Adolescents: Folate - ANSWER -important for general metabolism and red blood cel
formation
-red blood cell synthesis
-key cofactor for metabolism
-females now considered "of child-bearing age"
Obesity in Adolescence - ANSWER Affects physical and mental health
-type 2 diabetes
-hypertension
-orthopedic problems
-low self esteem
Risk factors
-race
-socioeconomic status
