NR565 / NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Midterm Exam: Week 1, 2, 3 & 4
100% Guarantee Pass
1. Pharmacodynamics
: Answer What the drug does to the body
-3 Mechanisms of action
• Receptor
• Enzyme
• Nonselective Interactions
2. Enzymes
Answer
most frequently seen in relation to the metabolism of drugs
-act as catalysts in nearly every chemical reaction that takes place in the cells
-drugs can enhance or inhibit the catalytic actions
3. Nonselective interactions
Answer
Jo
drugs chemically alter or physically interfere with cellular structures or there
sh
processes
ua
,• ex: chemotherapy
4. Patient-specific plan goals
Answer
cure
-decrease in symptoms
-stopping or slowing the disease process
-preventing disease
-improved quality of life
5. Types of drug therapy
Answer
acute
• tx active disease & sustain life
-maintenance
• focus on prevention of disease progression
-supplemental
• medication required for normal body function
-palliative
• any tx program designed to provide symptomatic relief of chronic severe pain
-supportive
Jo
• maintains integrity of body functions
sh
ua
,-prophylactic
• prevention; immunizations, pre-procedure & postexposure antibiotics
-empiric
• clinical probability of illness that has not yet been diagnosed; administering broad
spectrum antibiotics before culture results
6. Idiosyncratic effects
Answer: unexpected individual responses to medications
7. Tolerance:
Answer declining response to a drug
8. Dependence
Answer: physiologic or psychologic need for a substance
9. NIH: dependence vs addiction
Answer
drug dependence
• a person needs a drug to function normally, abruptly stopping the drug leads to
withdrawal symptoms.
-drug addiction
• the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects
Jo
sh
ua
,10. drug interactions
Answer: • drug-drug
• food-drug
• additive
• synergistic
• antagonistic
• incompatibility
11. grapefruit juice decreases the metabolism of a number of drugs, includ-
ing:
Answer
buspirone
-nefedipine
-statins
12. what food counters the effect of warfarin
Answer: leafy dark greens
-contain vitamin K
13. antacids reduce effects of some drugs
Answer
(antagonistic interaction) thyroid replacement hormones
some antibiotics
Jo
sh
ua
,14. antagonistic interaction
Answer: less than the desired effect of one or both drugs
15. synergistic interaction
: Answer sum total of effect greater than if they were given alone
16. common synergistic interaction to control hypertension:
Answer lisinopril + HCTZ
17. 8 rights of medication administration:
Answer 1. Right Patient
2. Right Medication
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Reason
7. Right Response
8. Right Documentation
18. categories of adverse reactions
Answer
pharmacologic
-allergic
-idiosyncratic
Jo
-drug interactions
sh
ua
,19. adverse reactions: pharmacologic
Answer
an extension of a drug's normal effects
• such as an antihypertensive causing hypotension
20. adverse reactions: allergic or hypersensitivity
Answer
exaggerated immune re-
sponse
• ranges from mild itching to anaphylaxis
• not uncommon for 2nd or 3rd exposure to result in more extreme reaction
21. adverse reactions: idiosyncratic
Answer
peculiar to the patient
• may not be listed in the drug reference
22. adverse reactions: drug interaction
Answer
can be the most complex & difficult to determine
• # of drugs available & potentially prescribed has grown significantly
Jo
sh
ua
,23. teratogenic effects
Answer
the ability to cause fetal defects if taken during pregnancy
24. mutagenic effects
Answer
ability to cause changes in genetic tissue
25. known carcinogens
Answer
substances that can cause cancer
26. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Answer
reduces the risk of red cell hemolysis through exposure to oxidizing drugs
-Deficiency of this enzyme found in approximately 100 million people
• particularly African Americans, Kurdish Jews, Sardinians
27. Toxicology:
Answer Study of adverse effects of chemicals and their compounds on living
organisms and tissues
28. Pharmacokinetics:
Answer What the body does to a drug
Jo
sh
-The study of what happens to a drug from the time of administration until the parent
ua
, drug & all metabolites leave the body.
-the rate and extent to which drugs move from the point of entry or route of
administration, gain access to the bloodstream, and are absorbed and distributed
to the tissues of the body
29. Four phases of pharmacokinetics
Answer: • absorption
• distribution
• metabolism
• excretion
30. onset of action
: Answer how long before the medication first begins to effect the patient
31. time to peak effect
Answer: how long before the medication is at the height of its effect
32. duration of action
Answer: how long the therapeutic effect lasts
33. half-life:
Answer the time required for half of a chemical to be eliminated from the body
34. steady state:
Jo
Answer the amount of drug going in is the same as the amount of drug going
sh
ua
,out
-achieving requires between 5 & 6 half-lives
35. onset
: Answer the time needed following the administration of the dose for the action of
the drug to begin
36. drug is usually considered effectively eliminated after about half
lives
Answer: five
37. peak and trough
Answer
peak
• highest level of the drug achieved following the dose
-trough
• the level to which the drug concentration has dropped immediately prior to the next
dose
38. duration: length of time the drug remains active, measured from the point the
rising level crosses into the therapeutic range to where elimination takes it back
below therapeutic range
Jo
sh
ua
, 39. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption
Answer
Bioavailability: the extent to which the med- ication can be absorbed
• directly effected by route of administration
-routes of administration
• enteral: oral or directly into GI tract
• parental: piercing skin or mucous membrane
40. first pass effect: The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the
bloodstream.
-liver chemically processes the drug into active & inactive metabolites
• ratio of active & inactive metabolites affect the bioavailability
-first pass effect may be low, moderate, or high depending on the drug
41. Parental routes dont experience : first pass effect
-are 100% available as they enter the bloodstream
42. Parenteral Routes: in general:
-Given IV are accessed more rapidly than given IM
• IM must first gain access to the circulation
-Given IM are accessed more rapidly than Subcutaneously
• less access to circulation in fatty tissue than in muscle
43. Parenteral Route absorption
Answer
IM & subQ
Jo
• absorb more rapidly if heat or massage to the site
sh
ua
10 /
75
Midterm Exam: Week 1, 2, 3 & 4
100% Guarantee Pass
1. Pharmacodynamics
: Answer What the drug does to the body
-3 Mechanisms of action
• Receptor
• Enzyme
• Nonselective Interactions
2. Enzymes
Answer
most frequently seen in relation to the metabolism of drugs
-act as catalysts in nearly every chemical reaction that takes place in the cells
-drugs can enhance or inhibit the catalytic actions
3. Nonselective interactions
Answer
Jo
drugs chemically alter or physically interfere with cellular structures or there
sh
processes
ua
,• ex: chemotherapy
4. Patient-specific plan goals
Answer
cure
-decrease in symptoms
-stopping or slowing the disease process
-preventing disease
-improved quality of life
5. Types of drug therapy
Answer
acute
• tx active disease & sustain life
-maintenance
• focus on prevention of disease progression
-supplemental
• medication required for normal body function
-palliative
• any tx program designed to provide symptomatic relief of chronic severe pain
-supportive
Jo
• maintains integrity of body functions
sh
ua
,-prophylactic
• prevention; immunizations, pre-procedure & postexposure antibiotics
-empiric
• clinical probability of illness that has not yet been diagnosed; administering broad
spectrum antibiotics before culture results
6. Idiosyncratic effects
Answer: unexpected individual responses to medications
7. Tolerance:
Answer declining response to a drug
8. Dependence
Answer: physiologic or psychologic need for a substance
9. NIH: dependence vs addiction
Answer
drug dependence
• a person needs a drug to function normally, abruptly stopping the drug leads to
withdrawal symptoms.
-drug addiction
• the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects
Jo
sh
ua
,10. drug interactions
Answer: • drug-drug
• food-drug
• additive
• synergistic
• antagonistic
• incompatibility
11. grapefruit juice decreases the metabolism of a number of drugs, includ-
ing:
Answer
buspirone
-nefedipine
-statins
12. what food counters the effect of warfarin
Answer: leafy dark greens
-contain vitamin K
13. antacids reduce effects of some drugs
Answer
(antagonistic interaction) thyroid replacement hormones
some antibiotics
Jo
sh
ua
,14. antagonistic interaction
Answer: less than the desired effect of one or both drugs
15. synergistic interaction
: Answer sum total of effect greater than if they were given alone
16. common synergistic interaction to control hypertension:
Answer lisinopril + HCTZ
17. 8 rights of medication administration:
Answer 1. Right Patient
2. Right Medication
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Reason
7. Right Response
8. Right Documentation
18. categories of adverse reactions
Answer
pharmacologic
-allergic
-idiosyncratic
Jo
-drug interactions
sh
ua
,19. adverse reactions: pharmacologic
Answer
an extension of a drug's normal effects
• such as an antihypertensive causing hypotension
20. adverse reactions: allergic or hypersensitivity
Answer
exaggerated immune re-
sponse
• ranges from mild itching to anaphylaxis
• not uncommon for 2nd or 3rd exposure to result in more extreme reaction
21. adverse reactions: idiosyncratic
Answer
peculiar to the patient
• may not be listed in the drug reference
22. adverse reactions: drug interaction
Answer
can be the most complex & difficult to determine
• # of drugs available & potentially prescribed has grown significantly
Jo
sh
ua
,23. teratogenic effects
Answer
the ability to cause fetal defects if taken during pregnancy
24. mutagenic effects
Answer
ability to cause changes in genetic tissue
25. known carcinogens
Answer
substances that can cause cancer
26. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Answer
reduces the risk of red cell hemolysis through exposure to oxidizing drugs
-Deficiency of this enzyme found in approximately 100 million people
• particularly African Americans, Kurdish Jews, Sardinians
27. Toxicology:
Answer Study of adverse effects of chemicals and their compounds on living
organisms and tissues
28. Pharmacokinetics:
Answer What the body does to a drug
Jo
sh
-The study of what happens to a drug from the time of administration until the parent
ua
, drug & all metabolites leave the body.
-the rate and extent to which drugs move from the point of entry or route of
administration, gain access to the bloodstream, and are absorbed and distributed
to the tissues of the body
29. Four phases of pharmacokinetics
Answer: • absorption
• distribution
• metabolism
• excretion
30. onset of action
: Answer how long before the medication first begins to effect the patient
31. time to peak effect
Answer: how long before the medication is at the height of its effect
32. duration of action
Answer: how long the therapeutic effect lasts
33. half-life:
Answer the time required for half of a chemical to be eliminated from the body
34. steady state:
Jo
Answer the amount of drug going in is the same as the amount of drug going
sh
ua
,out
-achieving requires between 5 & 6 half-lives
35. onset
: Answer the time needed following the administration of the dose for the action of
the drug to begin
36. drug is usually considered effectively eliminated after about half
lives
Answer: five
37. peak and trough
Answer
peak
• highest level of the drug achieved following the dose
-trough
• the level to which the drug concentration has dropped immediately prior to the next
dose
38. duration: length of time the drug remains active, measured from the point the
rising level crosses into the therapeutic range to where elimination takes it back
below therapeutic range
Jo
sh
ua
, 39. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption
Answer
Bioavailability: the extent to which the med- ication can be absorbed
• directly effected by route of administration
-routes of administration
• enteral: oral or directly into GI tract
• parental: piercing skin or mucous membrane
40. first pass effect: The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the
bloodstream.
-liver chemically processes the drug into active & inactive metabolites
• ratio of active & inactive metabolites affect the bioavailability
-first pass effect may be low, moderate, or high depending on the drug
41. Parental routes dont experience : first pass effect
-are 100% available as they enter the bloodstream
42. Parenteral Routes: in general:
-Given IV are accessed more rapidly than given IM
• IM must first gain access to the circulation
-Given IM are accessed more rapidly than Subcutaneously
• less access to circulation in fatty tissue than in muscle
43. Parenteral Route absorption
Answer
IM & subQ
Jo
• absorb more rapidly if heat or massage to the site
sh
ua
10 /
75
