BIOl133 Exam 3 Questions with Verified Solutions Fully Solved

BIOl133 Exam 3 Questions with Verified Solutions Fully Solved Central dogma - Answers DNA RNA protein 2 main stages of protein synthesis - Answers transcription, translation transcription - Answers DNA mRNA information in DNA (template strand) transcribed into mRNA enzyme: RNA polymerase structure of rna - Answers single-stranded sugar = Ribose Uracil instead of Thymine (A, U, G, C) types of rna - Answers mRNA and tRNA mRNA - Answers copy of gene - goes to ribosome tRNA - Answers carries amino acids to ribosomes transcription factors - Answers proteins that bind dna at specific sites, initiate transcription, bind to promoter region on DNA (start of gene), RNA polymerase binds to make mRNA steps of transcription - Answers initiation, elongation, termination initiation - Answers binding of transcription factors and RNA polymerase to promoter elongation - Answers rna polymerase adds nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction termination - Answers terminator sequence is reached RNA processing - Answers before leaving nucleus - mRNA is processed 5' cap 3' poly a tail removal of introns (intervening sequences - don't code for protein) translation - Answers mRNA protein information in mRNA translated into protein occurs at ribosome uses genetic code genetic code - Answers triplet code (3 mRNA bases = 1 amino acid) non-overlapping redundant - more than one codon can specify an amino acid unambiguous universal steps of translation - Answers initiation, elongation, termination initiation - Answers mRNA, small ribosomal unit, and tRNA come together elongation - Answers large subunit attaches, tRNA molecules bring amino acid to ribosome, amino acid attached termination - Answers stop codon reached how does trna know which amino acid to deliver? - Answers trna: anticodon complementary to condon on mrna protein structure - Answers 4 levels of protein structure = 3D shape protein function is dependent upon proper structure change in structure leads to change in function primary structure - Answers the sequence of amino acids secondary structure - Answers folding into loops, coils, helices, sheets dependent on primary structure tertiary structure - Answers further folding as a result of interactions with water (hydrophobic regions avoid water, hydrophilic regions orient towards water) quarternary structure - Answers joining together of more than one polypeptide epigenetic - Answers "above the gene" epigenetic changes - Answers - do not change DNA sequences - do change chemical groups associated w/ DNA - can be passed to new generation embryo subunits - Answers epsilon and zeta fetus subunits - Answers gamma and alpha adult subunits - Answers alpha and beta Histones - Answers proteins around which DNA entwines expose DNA to allow transcription chromatin remodeling - Answers acetyl groups bind lysine, methyl groups bind and turn off transcription microRNAs - Answers microRNAs bind mRNAs and prevent translation