Drugs and Behavior Exam Questions with Verified Answers Rated A+ (Already Passed)

Drugs and Behavior Exam Questions with Verified Answers Rated A+ (Already Passed) Drugs can affect - Answers The communication between neurons involves the release of neurotransmitters, which bind with receptors and either excite or inhibit the activity of the postsynaptic cell. Drugs can affect it in many ways: They can stimulate or inhibit the release of neurotransmitters, mimic the effects of neurotransmitters on postsynaptic receptors, block these effects, or interfere with the reputable of a neurotransmitter once it is released. A drug can alter - Answers the perceptions, thoughts, and behaviours controlled by particular neurotransmitters Effects of drugs on synaptic transmission - Answers Stimulating or inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters. Stimulating or blocking postsynaptic receptors. Inhibiting reuptake. In the brain, most synaptic communication is accomplished by two neurotransmitters - Answers Glutamate: has excitatory effects. GABA: has inhibitory effects. Glutamate - Answers The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord. GABA - Answers The most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Barbiturate - Answers A drug that causes sedation; one of several derivatives of barbituric acid. Antianxiety drug - Answers A tranquilizer, which reduces anxiety. Benzodiazepine - Answers A class of drug having anxiolytic (tranquilizing) effects, such as diazepam (Valium). Acetylcholine (ACh) - Answers A neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system; responsible for muscular contraction. It is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by the axons of motor neurons. All muscular movement is accomplished by the release of acetylcholine. Two drugs that affect the release of acetylcholine - Answers botulinum toxin the venom of the black widow spider Botulinum toxin - Answers A drug that prevents the release of acetylcholine by terminal buttons Black widow spider venom - Answers A drug that stimulates the release of acetylcholine by terminal buttons. The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - Answers Can deactivate ACh But it can be inactivated by various drugs, such as neogstigmine. Neostigmine - Answers A drug that enhances the effects of acetylcholine by blocking the enzyme that destroys it. Nicotine - Answers A drug that binds with and stimulates acetylcholine receptors, mimicking the effects of this neurotransmitter Curare - Answers A drug that binds with and blocks acetylcholine receptors, preventing the neurotransmitter from exerting its effects. Monamine - Answers A category of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine norepinephrine serotonin Dopamine (DA) - Answers A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in control of brain mechanisms of movement and reinforcement. It has been implicated in several important functions, including movement, attention, learning, and the reinforcing effects of drugs that tend to abuse. Parkinson's disease - Answers A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements; caused by generation of a system of dopamine-secreting neurons. Norepinephrine (NE) - Answers A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in alertness and vigilance and control of REM sleep Serotonin - Answers A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood; In the control of eating, sleep, and arousal; and in the regulation of pain. Several hallucinogenic drugs appear to produce their effects by interacting with serotonergic transmission. - Answers For example, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) LSD - Answers Lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogenic drug that blocks a category of serotonin receptors. LSD produces distort ions of visual perceptions that some people find awesome but that simply frighten other people. This drug stimulates one category of serotonin receptor. Neuromodulator - Answers A substance secreted in the brain that modulates the activity of neurons that contain the appropriate receptors. They modulate the activity of the neurons they affect. We can think of neuromodulators as brain' s own drugs. As these chemicals diffuse through the brain, they can activate or inhibit circuits of neurons that control a variety of functions; thus, they can modulate particular categories of behaviour. Most neuromodulators are - Answers peptides Peptide - Answers A category of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that consist of two or more amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. Endogenous opioid (one of the best known families of peptides) - Answers A neuromodulator whose action is mimicked by a natural or synthetic opiate, such as opium, morphine, or heroin. Opiates-drugs such as opium, morphine, and heroin- reduce pain because they have direct effects on the brain. To help drug addicts, pharmacologists have developed drugs that block opioid receptors. - Answers Eg. Naloxone Naloxone - Answers A drug that binds with and blocks opioid receptors, preventing opiate drugs or endogenous opioids from exerting their effects. Endogenous cannabinoid - Answers A neuromodulator whose action is mimicked by THC and other drugs present in marijuana. THC affects perception and behaviour by activating receptors located on neurons in the brains. THC mimics the effects of endogenous cannabinoids- chemical produced and released by neurons in the brain. THC produces analgesia and sedation, stimulates appetite and so on. Anandamide - Answers The most important endogenous cannabinoid. Major neurotransmitters - Answers 1. Glutamate