NR 507 midterm Questions & Answers 2024/2025

NR 507 midterm Questions & Answers 2024/2025 Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - ANS--Mediated IgE -inflammation due to mast cell degranulation -anaphylactic, asthma, hay fever treatment: epinephrine Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - ANS--Cytotoxic reaction: tissue specific -binds to the antigen ON THE CELL SURFACE -macrophages are primary effectors cells involved cause tissue damage or alter function Hypersensitivity 2 - ANS--Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism) -alters function not destroy -blood transfusions reaction- transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or lysis -drug allergies -hemolytic anemia Hypersensitivity: type 3 - ANS--Not organ specific -antibody binds to soluble antigen OUTSIDE THE CELL SURFACE that was released into the blood or bodily fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - ANS--rheumatoid arthritis -Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -Raynaud's Hives (urticaria) - ANS-Hypersensitivity Type 1 First responders to innate the immune system - ANS-Neutrophils Allergic contact dermatitis - ANS-Hypersensitivity Type IV Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity mediated by: - ANS--IgG IgM -macrophages are primary effort cells - Serum Sickness - ANS-type 3 hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity IV, - ANS--is more of a delayed immune response. -mediated T-cells attack tissue directly (no antibodies) Autoimmune - ANS--diseases in which the body makes antibodies directed against its own tissues - Primary immunodeficiency - ANS--Genetic; inherited -result of single gene defects -B and T cell deficiencies secondary immunodeficiency - ANS--acquired Common cause of secondary immunodeficiency - ANS-Malnutrition Most patients diagnosed with SLE will have a positive? - ANS-antinuclear antibody (ANA) SLE (lupus) - ANS--Facial rash -vasculitis - tissue inflammation Renal disease associated with autoimmunity? - ANS-Glomerulonephritis Sjogren's syndrome - ANS-Inflammation in salivary and lacrimal glands SLE - ANS-Autoantibodies and auto-active t-cells against DNA and nucleoprotein Sjögren's syndrome immune changes: - ANS-Autoantibodies and auto-reactive t-cells against apoptotic cells rheumatoid arthritis manifestations: - ANS-Joint inflammation, stiffness, pain, loss of range of motion Rheumatoid Arthritis immune changes: - ANS-T-cells and B cells against joint associated antigens MS manifestations - ANS-Formation of sclerotic plaque in the brain, leads to Muscle weakness and ataxia MS immune changes - ANS-T-cells against brain antigens ___ measures the average size of RBCs - ANS-MCV Anemia occurs by... - ANS--impaired RBC production -excessive blood loss - increased RBC production microlytic anemia is characterized by hyper chromic RBS: - ANS-Hereditary spherocytosis Anemia - ANS--"without blood" 4.7-6.1mcl - ANS-Normal for men RBC 4.5-5.2mcL - ANS-Normal for women RBC 13.5-17.5 - ANS-Normal hemoglobin for men 12.0-15.5 g/dL - ANS-Normal hemoglobin for women RBC - ANS-The number of erythrocytes in 1 cubic mm of whole blood Hemoglobin (Hgb) - ANS-The oxygen-carrying pigment of red cells Hematocrit (Hct) - ANS-The volume of cells as a % of total volume of cells and plasma in whole blood 42-45% - ANS-Normal for HCT for men 37-48% - ANS-Normal HCT for women Mean Cell Volume (MCV) - ANS-Measures the average size of the RBC 80-100 fL - ANS-Normal MCV RDW (red cell distribution width) - ANS-Estimate of the uniformity of individual cell size 11.5- 14.5% - ANS-Normal RDW Microcytic (MVC <80fL) - ANS-Iron deficiency Microcytic (MVC <80fL) less than - ANS-Sideroblastic Microcytic (MVC <80fL) - ANS-Thalassemia Microcytic (MVC <80fL) - ANS-Anemia of chronic disease Normocytic (MVC 80-99) - ANS-Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease Normocytic (MVC 80-99) - ANS-Hereditary spherocytosis Continues...