QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
CardiacGBloodGFlowG-GANSWERGoGFromGbody
oGThrough:
♣GVenaGcavas
♣GRightGatrium
♣GTricuspidGvalve
♣GRightGventricle
♣GPulmonicGvalve
♣GPulmonaryGartery
oGToGlungs
♣GPulmonaryGvein
♣GLeftGatrium
♣GMitralGvalve
♣GLeftGventricle
♣GAorticGvalve
oGBackGtoGbody
CardiacGAnatomyG-GANSWERGTheGheartGisGtheGsizeGofGaGclosedGfist
2/3GofGtheGheartGisGtoGtheGleftGofGtheGmidline
1/3GunderGtheGsternum
, heartGlayersG-GANSWERGEndocardiumG(Ginner)
myocardiumG(Gmiddle)
PericardiumG(Gouter)
CardiacGactionGpotential:GphaseG0G-GANSWERGrapidGdepolarization
SodiumGinfluxGd/tGvoltage-gatedGsodiumGchannelsGopening
CardiacGactionGpotential:GphaseG1G-GANSWERGinitialGrepolarizationGofGcells
voltageGgatedGsodiumGchannelsGclosed
voltageGgatedGpotassiumGchannelsGopen
PotassiumGleavesGcellGslowly
CardiacGactionGpotential:GphaseG2G-GANSWERGplateauGphase
voltageGgatedGcalciumGchannelsGopen
influxGofGcalciumGintoGtheGcell
balancesGpotassiumGefflux
calciumGinfluxGtriggersGmoreGcalciumGfromGsarcoplasmicGreticulumG>GmyocardialGcontraction
CardiacGactionGpotential:GphaseG3G-GANSWERGRapidGRepolarizationGw/GpotassiumGefflux
voltageGgatedGpotassiumGchannelsGopen
voltageGgatedGcalciumGchannelsGclose
CardiacGactionGpotential:GphaseG4G-GANSWERGrestingGmembraneGpotential,G-85GmV
HighGpotassiumGpermeabilityGfromGtheGpotassiumGchannels
PotassiumGimbalanceGaffectGonGmyocardialGactionGpotentialsG-GANSWERGHypokalemia-
increasedGatrialGpreloadGleadsGtoG1-3GdegreeGblocks
Hyperkalemia-slowsGdepolarization,GleadsGtoGsunusGbradycardiaGandGjunctionalGrhythm